Engel graph associated with a group. (Q2470366)

Let \([x,{_1y}]=[x,y]\) and \([[x,{_ny]},y]=[x,{_{n+1}y}]\). The Engel graph defined here for every group consists of elements \(x\) as vertices and pairs \(\{x,y\}\) as edges whenever \([x,{_ny}]\neq 1\neq[y,{_nx}]\) for all \(n\). For simplicity all left Engel elements are left out since they are disconnected by definition. The Engel graph of the finite group \(G\) is planar if it is isomorphic to \(S_3\) or an extension of \(C_2\) by \(S_3\) (Theorem 3.1). The Engel graph of \(G\) is a free graph, if the elements outside \(L(G)\) are of order \(2\) and the product of any two is of infinite or odd order. So for \(G\) finite or soluble, \(G\) possesses an Abelian normal subgroup \(A\) without elements of order \(2\) and an element \(x\) of order \(2\) such that \(G=\langle x,A\rangle\) and \(x\) inverts every element of \(A\) by conjugation (cf. Theorem 2.12).