Groups of tree-expanded series. (Q2470408)

The author and \textit{Ch. Brouder}, in two papers, introduced three Hopf algebras \(H_1\), \(H_2\) and \(H_3\) on planar binary trees [Eur. Phys. J. C., Part. Fields 19, No. 4, 715-741 (2001; Zbl 1099.81568), J. Algebra 267, No. 1, 298-322 (2003; Zbl 1056.16026)]. \(H_1\) is commutative (and is related to the renormalization of the electric charge in quantum electrodynamics). \(H_2\) and \(H_3\) are not commutative, but have Abelianizations \((H_2)'\) and \((H_3)'\). The aim of the paper under review is to describe the group-valued functor \(G(A)=\text{Alg}(H,A)\) on commutative algebras \(A\) for \(H=H_1\), \((H_2)'\) and \((H_3)'\), where the product in \(G(A)\) is the convolution product. The descriptions are done in a general operad-theoretic setting, then monoidal structures and a set-operad structure on planar binary trees are used. The groups \(G(A)\) are realized as formal series on trees, i.e., formal sums of expressions \((a_t)(x_t)\), where \(t\) ranges over trees. The multiplications depend on the comultiplications in \(H\), but are much like the familiar multiplication of power-series (using monoid structures on the set of trees) and the familiar composition of series with zero constant term (here it means that the coefficient of the tree with one root is zero). The descriptions of \(H_2\) and \(H_3\) involve the ``over'' and ``under'' products given by \textit{J.-L. Loday} [J. Algebra 258, No. 1, 275-309 (2002; Zbl 1063.16044)]. Then the study of \(G(A)=\text{Alg}(H,A)\) for \(H=H_1\), \((H_2)'\) and \((H_3)'\) is done in the framework of \(P\)-expanded formal diffeomorphisms, i.e., groups of series expanded over a set-operad \(P\), where \(P(n)\) is a collection of finite sets for each positive integer \(n\). Because of the generality of the paper, one can obtain new groups of invertible tree-expanded formal series and tree-expanded formal diffeomorphisms. In turn, the group of tree-expanded formal diffeomorphisms and some of its subgroups give rise to new Hopf algebras on trees.