Structuring the universe of universal logic (Q2470759)

What is the nature and the structure of the general universe of possible combinations of logical systems? From the point of view of universal logic the interesting categorical constructions, along with the coproducts underlying the fibring of logics, describe the inner structure of the category of inner systems. The author asserts that the universe of universal logic is a topos and a paraconsistent complement topos. Section 1. Introduction. This section explains that combining logics has been studied in several papers; many of them have have used the notion of fibring after \textit{D. M. Gabbay} [J. Symb. Log. 61, No.~4, 1057--1120 (1996; Zbl 0872.03007)]. Using this notion of fibring, one can apply it beyond modal systems (where it was originally defined), adopting a basic universe of logic systems. That universe is rich enough to illustrate features of fibring and provide the basis for combining logical systems going from intuitionistic to many-valued logics. Defining fibring in the basic universe is straightforward; what is more interesting is the nature and structure of the general universe of possible combinations of logical systems. The concept of universal logic can be used to define this. A universal logic is a general theory of logics considered as the kind of mathematical structures by analogy with the universal algebra treatment of algebras. Hence a category-theoretic perspective provides the background to the study of the universe of universal logic. The present paper is a contribution to this problem by introducing the categorical constructions which, along with the coproducts underlying the fibring of logics, describe the inner structure of the category of logical systems. The main result is that the universe of universal logic is a paraconsistent complement topos. Section 2. Logical systems and theory spaces. This section defines a logical system \(\mathcal{L}\) as a pair of a signature \(\Sigma\) and a consequence operator \(\vdash\) in the sense of Tarski and the notion of a signature morphism. Signatures and their morphisms constitute a category \textbf{Sig} as well as the category \textbf{Log} of logical systems and their morphisms. A theory is, as usual, a a deductively closed language. The author then defines a theory space as a complete lattice with arbitrary joins and a theory space morphism as a mapping preserving joins. Theory spaces and their morphisms constitute a category \textbf{Tsp}. There exists a functor \(\text{Th} : \mathbf{Log} \rightarrow \text\textbf{Tsp}\). Then he defines isomorphisms in \textbf{Sig} and in \textbf{Log} and from there the notion of equipollence, and gives a necessary and sufficient condition for equipollence of logical systems in terms of \textbf{Log}-morphisms. Section 3. Coproducts and fibring in \textbf{Log}. This section defines the category \textbf{Sig*} as the slice category \textbf{(Sig)}\(\mathbb(N)\) with index-preserving maps. Proposition 3.1 The category \textbf{Sig*} is (small) complete. Section 4. Products and labelling in {\textbf{Log}}, proceeds dually to define pullbacks and products. Proposition 4.6 The unconstrained labellings are products in \textbf{Log}. Section 5. Coexponentials, exponentials, and possible translating in \textbf{Log}, explores these constructions. Section 6. \textbf{Log} as a topos and a complement topos. This section proves: Proposition 6.1 \textbf{Log} is a topos. Proposition 6.4 \textbf{Log} is a complement topos.