Relations between limit-point and Dirichlet properties of second-order difference operators (Q2472250)

The author uses complex value sequences \(x= (x_n)_n\), \(y= (y_n)_n\), \(n\in\{-1\}\cup\mathbb N\), the second-order formally symmetric difference expression \[ Mx_n= \begin{cases} w^{-1}_n(-\Delta(p_{n-1} \Delta x_{n-1})+ q_nx_n),\quad & n\geq 0,\\ -w^{-1}_{-1} p_{-1}\Delta x_n,\quad & n= -1,\end{cases} \] where \(\Delta x_n= x_{n+1}- x_n\) and \(p= (p_n)_n\), \(q= (q_n)_n\), \(w= (w_n)_n\) are complex valued sequences such that \(q_{-1}= 0\) and \[ (\forall n\in \{-1\}\cup\mathbb N)(w_n> 0\wedge p_n\neq 0), \] the space \(l^1\) of absolutely summable complex sequences and the Hilbert spaces \[ l^2= \Biggl\{(x_n)_n;\;\sum^{+\infty}_{n=-1} |x_n|^2< +\infty\Biggr\},\;l^2_w= \Biggl\{(x_n)_n;\;\sum^{+\infty}_{n=-1} |x_n|^2 w_n<+ \infty\Biggr\} \] with scalar products \((x,y)= \sum^{+\infty}_{n=-1} x_n\overline y_n\) is \(l^2\) and \((x,y)= \sum^{+\infty}_{n=-1} x_n\overline y_n w_n\) in \(l^2_w\). Consider the second-order difference equation \[ Mx_n=\lambda x_n,\quad n\in\mathbb N,\quad\lambda\in\mathbb C\tag{1} \] and the function \(T(M): D_{T(M)}\to l^2_w\), where \[ (\forall n\ni \{-1\}\cup\mathbb N)((T(M)x)_n= T(M) x_n= Mx_n) \] and \[ D_{T(M)}= \Biggl\{(x_n)_n\in l^2_w;\;\sum^{+\infty}_{n=-1} |T(M) x_n|^2 w_n< +\infty\Biggr\}. \] The function \(M\) is said to be in the limit point case if there is one \(l^2_w\)-solution of (1) for \(\text{Im\,}\lambda\neq 0\); otherwise, if all solutions of (1) are in \(l^2_w\) for all \(\lambda\in C\) then \(M\) is said to be in the limit circle. Moreover, for all \(x,y\) in \(D_{T(M)}\), \(M\) is said: {\parindent=4mm \begin{itemize}\item[--] strong limit-point on \(D_{T(M)}\) if \(\lim_{m\to+\infty} p_m\Delta y_m\overline x_{m+1}= 0\), \item[--] conditional Dirichlet on \(D_{T(M)}\) if \((\sqrt{|p_n|}\Delta x_n)_n\in l^2\wedge\sum^{+\infty}_{n= 0} q_n|x_n|^2<+\infty\), \item[--] weak Dirichlet on \(D_{T(M)}\) if \(\sum^{+\infty}_{n=0} (p_n\overline{\Delta x}_n\Delta y_n+ q_n\overline x_n y_n)< +\infty\). \end{itemize}} The author proves that if {\parindent=4mm \begin{itemize}\item[--] \(p^{-1}\not\in l^1\) or \(p^{-1}\in l^1\) and \(\sum^{+\infty}_{n=0} q_n\) is not convergent then \(M\) is conditional Dirichlet and implies \(M\) strong limit-point on \(D_{T(M)}\), \item[--] \(w\in l^1\), \(p^{-1}\in l^1\), \(q\in l^1\) then \(M\) is both Dirichlet and limit-circle on \(D_{T(M)}\), \item[--] \((\forall n\in\mathbb{N})(p_n> 0)\), \((w_m\sum^{+\infty}_{n=-1} p^{-1}_n)_m\not\in l^1\) or \((q_n)_n\not\in l^1\) then \(M\) is Dirichlet on \(D_{T(M)}\) if and only if \((\sqrt{|q_n|}x_n)_n\in l^1\), \item[--] \((\forall n\in\mathbb{N})(p_n> 0)\), \(wp^{-1}\not\in l^1\) and \((w_n w^{-1}_{n+1})_n\) is bounded above then \(M\) is strong limit-point on \(D_{T(M)}\) if and only if \(M\) is weak Dirichlet on \(D_{T(M)}\). \end{itemize}}