Hamiltonian structure of pi hierarchy (Q2473438)

The author discusses various problems of the Hamiltonian interpretation for the higher members in the PI hierarchy. He first recalls some basic aspects of the string theory which lead to the conclusion that the string equations of type \((2,2g+1)\) are higher order (\(2g\)-th order) analogues of the first Painlevé equation PI which is the simplest string equation of type \((2,3)\). Main object of the study is the auxiliary linear problem in \(2\times2\) matrix form associated with the string equation, \(\partial_x{\pmb\psi}=U_0(\lambda){\pmb\psi}\) and \(\partial_{\lambda}{\pmb\psi}=V(\lambda){\pmb\psi}\) with a polynomial matrix \(V(\lambda)\). Recalling that the PI hierarchy can be derived as a reduction of the KP hierarchy, the author describes \(g\) extra commuting flows (w.r.t.\ \(g\) extra time variables) related to \(g\) linear \(2\times2\) matrix equations \(\partial_{2n+1}{\pmb\psi}=U_n(\lambda){\pmb\psi}\), \(n=0,1,\dots,g\), (all the linear equations satisfy one linear Virasoro constraint), while \(V(\lambda)\) can be represented as a linear combination of \(U_n(\lambda)\). Then the author introduces the isomonodromic genus \(g\) spectral curve \(\det(\mu I-V(\lambda))=\mu^2-h(\lambda)=0\). Similarly to the isospectral case, a detailed consideration of the polynomial \(h(\lambda)\) of degree \(2g+1\) allows one to separate it into a kinematic part \(I_0(\lambda)\), which is a combination of \(\lambda^{2g+1},\dots,\lambda^g\), depending on time variables only, and a dynamic part dependent on the solution of the PI hierarchy, \(h(\lambda)=I_0(\lambda)+I_1\lambda^{g-1}+\dots+I_g\). In the isospectral case, the dynamic quantities \(I_1,\dots,I_g\) are Hamiltonians of the commuting flows w.r.t.\ an appropriate Poisson structure. In the current isomonodromic situation, the same Poisson structure and certain linear combinations \(H_n\) of \(I_n\) used as Hamiltonians yield dynamic equations of the form which differ from the canonical one by an extra term. This observation implies that the correct Hamiltonians \(K_n\) are some deformations of \(H_n\). This deformation is successfully constructed using the so-called spectral Darboux coordinates \(\lambda_j,\mu_j\), \(j=1,\dots,g\), which are \(g\) zeros \(\lambda_j\) of the entry \(V_{12}(\lambda)\) while \(\mu_j\) are the values \(\mu_j=V_{11}(\lambda_j)\). The discussion is illustrated by examples with \(g=1,2,3\).