On some functional equations connected to Hadamard inequalities (Q2481697)

If in the Hadamard inequalities \[ f\Big(\frac{x+y}{2}\Big) \leq \frac{1}{y-x}\int_x^y f(t)\,dt \leq \frac{f(x)+f(y)}{2}, \] we put \(f(x)=x^2\), the middle expression from these inequalities satisfies the additional condition \[ \frac{f(x)+f(y)}{2}-\frac{1}{y-x}\int_x^y f(t)\,dt= 2\Big(\frac{1}{y-x}\int_x^y f(t)\,dt- f\Big(\frac{x+y}{2}\Big)\Big). \] Taking this as a starting point, the authors consider the functional equation \[ (y-x)\Big[\frac{f(x)+ f(y)}{2}+pf\Big(\frac{x+y}{2}\Big)\Big]= (p+1)[F(y)-F(x)], \] where \(F, f:P \to P\), \(P\) is an integral domain uniquely divisible by \(2\) and \(3\), and \(p\) is an integer. They prove that either exist \(a, b, c, d \in P\) such that \(f(x)=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d\) and \(p=2\), or \(f(x)=A(x)+d\) for some additive function \(A:P \to P\) and \(p=-1\), or \(f(x)=cx+d\) and \(p\) is any integer. In each case, the function \(F\) satisfies \[ (p+1)F(x)= \tfrac{1}{2}\big[2pf\big(\tfrac{x}{2}\big)+f(x)+f(0)\big]+(p+1)F(0). \] If \(p=-1\), \(F\) may be any function.