Local and global bifurcation in periodic scalar ODEs (Q2482493)

The authors consider the family of differential equations \[ x'(t) = f(t, x(t), \lambda) \tag{1} \] where \(f \in C(\mathbb{R}^{3})\) is locally Lipschitz continuous with respect to \(x\) and \(T\)-periodic (\(T > 0\)) with respect to \(t\) and \(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\). Inspired by results of Yu, Ilyashenko and W. Li, the authors introduce a new notion of local and global bifurcation: They say that \(x'(t) = f|_{\mathcal{U}_{f}}(t, x(t))\) and \(x'(t) = g|_{\mathcal{U}_{g}}(t, x(t))\) are periodic-solution-preserving equivalent if there exists a homeomorphism \(h : U_{f} \rightarrow U_{g}\) such that \[ \pi_{f}(x) = x \quad\text{if and only if } \pi_{g}(h(x)) = h(x) \] where \(\pi_{f}(x) = u_{f}(T, x)\) is the Poincaré map and \(u_{f}(t, x)\) a solution of \(x'(t) = f(t, x(t))\). \(\mathcal{U} = \{(t, u_{f}(t, x): x \in U, t \in I_{x,f} \}\) is an open set of \(\mathbb{R}\) and \(I_{x,f} \) the open subset of \(\mathbb{R}\) where the solution is defined. The authors prove then that the bifurcation values of (1) are characterized by bifurcation points and bifurcations at infinity. They introduce the last notion and obtain that \(\lambda_{0}\) is a bifurcation value of (1) if and only if either \((-\infty, \lambda_{0})\), \((\lambda_{0}, \infty)\) or \((x_{0}, \lambda_{0})\) for some \(x_{0} \in \mathbb{R}\), is a bifurcation point. Suppose that \(x_{0}\) is an isolated root of the equation \(\pi(x, \lambda_{0}) - x = 0\), then \((x_{0}, \lambda_{0})\) is a bifurcation point of (1) if and only if it is a bifurcation point without continuity. The families \[ x' = (x-1){2}(x + 1)^{2} - \lambda x; \qquad x' = (x -1){2}(x + 1)^{2} + \lambda x \] are studied in detail to show the types of bifurcation considered.