Cauchy-Riemann equations and \(J\)-symplectic forms (Q2482651)

Let \((\Sigma,j)\) be a Riemann surface with a complex structure \(j\) and let \((M,I)\) be an almost complex manifold. By \(\pi_1:\Sigma \times M\to\Sigma\) and \(\pi_2:\Sigma\times M\to M\) denote the natural projections. By \(E^{p,q}(x)\) denote the space of \((p,q)\)-forms on an almost complex manifold \(x\). Set \(W^{s,t}=\pi_1^*E^s(\Sigma)\wedge \pi_2^*E^t(M)\), where \(E^s(x)\) is the space of \(s\)-forms on a manifold \(x\). Set \(E^{p,q}=E^{p,q}(\Sigma\times M)\) endowed with the product almost complex structure. The module of Cauchy-Riemann forms is the following \(C^\infty_\mathbb C(\Sigma\times M)\)-module: \(\text{CR}(\Sigma,M)= \{\text{Re}(\beta):\beta\in W^{1,1}\cap E^{2,0}\}\). One can check that a smooth map \(\varphi:\Sigma\to M\) is \(I\)-holomorphic if and only if \(\varphi^*(\beta)=0\) for every \(\beta\in \text{CR}(\Sigma,M)\). For example, if \(\Sigma=\mathbb C\), \(M=\mathbb C^k\) then \(\text{CR}(\mathbb C,\mathbb C^k)\) is the module example, if \(\Sigma=\mathbb C\), \(M=\mathbb C^k\) then \(\text{CR}(\mathbb C, \mathbb C^k)\) is the module generated by the forms \(\{dz\wedge dw^\alpha: \alpha=1,>k\}\). The goal of this paper is to determine when the module \(\text{CR}(\Sigma,M)\) is of variational type. A \(C^\infty(\Sigma \times M)\)-module \(M\) is of variational type if there exists a closed \((n+1)\)-form \(\text{CR}^n(\Sigma\times M)\) \(\Omega\) on \(\Sigma\times M\) such that \(M\) coincider with the image of the map \(TM\to\Omega^n (\Sigma\times M)\) given as \(x\mapsto x\lrcorner\Omega\). The authors proved in an earlier paper that \(\text{CR}(\mathbb C,\mathbb C^h)\) is of variational type when \(h\) is even. In that case \(\Omega\) can be explicitly given. The main result of the paper is the following: Theorem. The module \(\text{CR}(\Sigma,M)\) of Cauchy-Riemann forms is of variational type if and only if there exists a closed and vertically non-degenerate 3-form \(\omega\in W^{1,2}\cap E^{3,0}\). Moreover, if \(w\) is exact, say \(w=d\Theta\) for certain \(\Theta\in E^2(\Sigma\times M)\), then the horizontal component of \(\Theta\) is a Lagrangian density whose Euler-Lagrange equations are the Cauchy-Riemann equations.