Forced oscillation of higher-order nonlinear differential equations (Q2489473)

Here, the forced nonlinear differential equation is considered \[ L_nx(t)-q(t)F(x(t)=e(t)),\tag{1} \] where \[ L_0x(t)=x(t);\quad L_\kappa x(t)=a_\kappa(t)(L_{\kappa-1}x(t))',\quad\kappa=1,2,\dots,n,\;'=\tfrac{d}{dt}, \] \(a_i\), \(q:[t_0,\infty]\to(0,\infty)\), \(i=1,2,\dots,n-1\), \(a_n\equiv1\), \(e:[t_0,\infty)\to\mathbb{R}\), \(F:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) are continuous and \(x F([x])>0\) for \(x\neq 0\). Some new criteria are established for the oscillation of higher-order forced nonlinear differential equations of the form (1), according to a smart choice of a class of new auxiliary functions. The main results of this paper are different from most known ones in the sense that they are given in the form \(\liminf_{t\to\infty}[\cdot]<0\).