First- and second-order dynamic equations with impulse (Q2495049)

The authors present existence results for discontinuous first- and continuous second-order dynamic equations on a time scale subject to fixed-time impulses and nonlinear boundary conditions. First, they consider first-order dynamic equation \[ u^\nabla (t)=g(t,u(t)),\quad t\in J\backslash \{t_1\}, \] \[ u(t_1^+)=I(u(t_1)), \] \[ B(u(0), u(T))=0, \] where \(J=[0,T]\cap \mathbb{T}\), \(\mathbb{T}\) is a time scale with \(0, t_1, T\in \mathbb{T}\) and \(0<t_1<T\), \(I: \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}\) is continuous and nondecreasing, and \(B: \mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}\) is continuous and for each \(x\in [\alpha(0), \beta(0)], B(x, \cdot)\) is non-increasing, where \(\alpha, \beta\) are lower and upper solutions of the above equation with \(\alpha(t)\leq \beta(t)\) for all \(t\in J\). For the discontinuous case with \(g\)(\(g\) is a Carathéodory-type function), they prove that the impulsive equation has a solution \(u\) such that \(u\in [\alpha, \beta]\) by using upper and lower solutions and Schauder's fixed point theorem. Secondly, the authors are concerned with second-order dynamic equations \[ y^{\Delta\Delta}(t)=f(t,y^\sigma(t)),\quad t\in \mathbb{T}^k\equiv [a,b]\setminus \{t_1\}, \] \[ L_1(y(a),y^\Delta(a),y(\sigma^2(b)),y^\Delta(\sigma(b)))=0, \] \[ L_2(y(a),y(\sigma^2(b)))=0, \] \[ y(t_1^+)-y(t_1^-)=r_1, \] \[ y^\Delta (t_1^+)-y^\Delta (t_1^-)=I(y(t_1), y^\Delta (t_1^-)), \] where \(t_1\in \mathbb{T}\) with \(a<t_1<b\) and \(t_1\) right dense, \(r_1\in \mathbb{R}\), \(f:[a,b]\times \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}\) is continuous. Assuming the existence of a lower solution \(\alpha\) and an upper solution \(\beta\) with \(\alpha\leq \beta\) on \(\mathbb{T}\), they prove that the above impulsive boundary value problem has a solution \(u\) such that \(u\in [\alpha, \beta]\) under \(L_1, L_2\) and \(I\) satisfying some appropriate monotone conditions.