A map on the space of rational functions (Q2495310)

Let \(\mathbb{R}\) denote the space of rational functions with complex coefficients. The authors consider dynamical properties of the map \(\mathcal {F}:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) given explicitly by \[ \mathcal{F}(R(x))=\frac{R(\sqrt{x})-R(-\sqrt{x})}{2\sqrt{x}},\;\;R\in \mathbb{R}. \] They characterize rational functions \(R\) for which the orbit \(\text{Orb}(R):=\big\{\mathcal{F}^{(k)}(R(x)): k\in \mathbb{N}\big\}\) ends at the fixed point \(0\in \mathbb{R}\). Then the authors describe the dynamics of a special class of functions with all their poles restricted to the unit circle. They establish explicit formulas for the asymptotic behavior of their orbits, expressed in terms of Eulerian polynomials \(A_{m}(x)\) defined by the generating function \(\displaystyle\frac{1-x}{1-x\,\exp[\lambda(1-x)]}=\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} A_{m}(x)\,\frac{\lambda^{m}}{m!}\). They also describe all the fixed points of \(\mathcal{F}\).