On the range of a Hadamard power of a positive semidefinite matrix (Q2496656)

For a polynomial mapping \(F:\mathbb{C}^n\to\mathbb{C}^n\) the Jacobian conjecture asserts that \(F\) is invertible if \(JF\in\mathbb{C}^*\), where \(JF\) denotes the Jacobian matrix of \(F\). \textit{L. M. Druzkowski} [Math. Ann. 264, 303--313 (1983; Zbl 0504.13006)] showed that it suffices to prove the Jacobian conjecture for all cubic-linear mappings. In order to classify these, the authors consider the cubic similarity of \(n\times n\) complex matrices \(A\) and study the invariants of the cubic similarity. The dimension of \(\text{span}(x\to(Ax)^{(3)})\) is such an invariant, where the authors denote the span of a map to be the subspace spanned by the image of the map, and \(A^{(k)}\) denotes the \(k\)th Hadamard power of \(A\). The investigation of this span invariant led \textit{G. Gorni} and \textit{H. Tutaj-Gasinska} [Ann. Pol. Math. 76, No. 1--2, 113--119 (2001; Zbl 1042.15013); Commun. Algebra 32, No.2, 495--520 (2004; Zbl 1070.14064)] to the following equivalent conjectures: (1) If integer \(k\geq 1\), \(\text{span}(x \to (Ax)^{(k)})=\text{range}(AA^*)^{(k)}\), and (2) If \(B\) is positive semidefinite and integer \(k\geq 1\), then \(\text{span}(x\to(Bx)^{(k)})= \text{range}B^{(k)}\). These conjectures have been proved for real matrices and either \(n\leq 3\) or \(A\) and \(B\) invertible, and also for complex matrices with either \(n\leq 4\) or \(\text{corank}\leq 2\). In this paper the authors prove them in the form stated above.