On the Schur-Szegő composition of polynomials (Q2499732)

The Schur-Szegő composition of two polynomials \(P(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}C_{n}^{i}a_{i}\,x^{i}\) and \(Q(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}C_{n}^{i}b_{i}\,x^{i}\) is given by \((P * Q)(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}C_{n}^{i}a_{i}b_{i}\,x^{i}\). The authors prove the following results: (1) Given two complex polynomials \(P\) and \(Q\) of degree \(n\) such that \(x_{P},\;x_{Q}\) are roots respectively of \(P,\; Q\) of multiplicity \(m_{P},\;m_{Q}\) with \(\mu^{*}:=m_{P}+m_{Q}-n\geq 0\), one has that \(-x_{P}\,x_{Q}\) is a root of \(P * Q\) of multiplicity \(\mu^{*}\). (If \(\mu^{*}=0\), then \(-x_{P}\,x_{Q}\) is not a root of \(P * Q\).) (2) For any \(P\in H_{u,\,v,\,w}\) and any \(Q\in \text{Hyp}_{n}^{-}\) one has \(P * Q\in H_{u,\,v,\,w}\). In particular, \(\text{Hyp}_{n}^{-}\) is a semigroup w.r.t. the Schur-Szegő composition. Here \(\text{Hyp}_{n}\) denotes the set of all hyperbolic polynomials, that is, of polynomials of degree at most \(n\) with all their roots real. Also \(\text{Hyp}_{n}^{+}\subset \text{Hyp}_{n}\) (resp. \(\text{Hyp}_{n}^{-}\subset \text{Hyp}_{n}\)) is the set of all hyperbolic polynomials with all positive (resp. all negative) roots. Denote by \(H_{u,\,v,\,w}\subset \text{Hyp}_{n}\) (where \(u,v,w \in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\},\;u+v+w=n\)) the set of all hyperbolic polynomials with \(u\) negative and \(w\) positive roots and a \(u\)-fold zero root. Note that the roots of \(P, Q\) and \(P * Q\) involved in (1) (i.e. those of the form \(-x_{P}\,x_{Q}\), the sum of the multiplicities of \(x_{P}\) and \(x_{Q}\) being \(>n\)) are called \(A\)-roots, the remaining roots of \(P, Q\), \(P * Q\) are called \(B\)-roots. Associate to \(P\in\text{Hyp}_{n}\) its multiplicity vector \(MV_{P}\) (the ordered partition of \(n\) defined by the multiplicities of the roots of \(P\) in the increasing order). For a root \(\alpha\) of \(P\in\text{Hyp}_{n}\) denote by \([\alpha]_{-}\) (resp. \([\alpha]_{+}\)) the total number of roots of \(P\) to the left (resp. to the right) of \(\alpha\) and by \(\text{sign}(\alpha)\) the sign of \(\alpha\). Then the authors prove also that (3) For any \(P\in\text{Hyp}_{n}\) and \(Q\in\text{Hyp}_{n}^{-}\) the multiplicity vector \(MV_{P*Q}\) is uniquely determined by (2) and the following conditions: (i) For any \(A\)-root \(\alpha\neq 0\) of \(P\) and any \(A\)-root \(\beta\) of \(Q\) one has \([-\alpha\beta]_{-}=[\alpha]_{-}+[\beta]_{\text{sign}(\alpha)}\). (ii) Every \(B\)-root of \(P * Q\) is simple.