Partial differential equations 1. Foundations and integral representations. With consideration of lectures by E. Heinz (Q2502567)

The aim of the author is to present the entire domain of Partial Differential Equations (PDE's) - so reach in theories and applications - to students at the intermediate level. The basic knowledge of Analysis is presupposed. For reader's convenience further foundations from Analysis are developed in a form adequate to the theory of PDE's. Therefore, the present textbook can be used for a course extending over several semesters. For advanced readers, each chapter may be studied independently from the others. Chapter~I treats Differentiation and Integration on Manifolds, where the improper Riemannian integral is used. After the Weierstrassian approximation theorem in \S~1, the differential forms are introduced in \S~2 as functionals on surfaces. Their calculus rules are immediately derived from the determinant laws and the transformation formula for multiple integrals. With the partition of unity and an adequate approximation, the author proves in \S~4 the Stokes integral theorem for manifolds which may possess singular boundaries of capacity zero besides their regular boundaries. The Gaussian integral theorem for singular domains is obtained in \S~5, which is indispensable for the theory of partial differential equations. After the discussion of contour integrals, the A. Weil proof of the Poincaré lemma is presented in \S~7, while \S~8 deals with the construction of the \(*\)-operator for certain differential forms which lead to the definition of the Beltrami operator and the Laplace operator in \(n\)-dimensional spherical coordinates in particular. Chapter II supplies the foundations of the Functional Analysis. Departing from the Riemannian integral, the author constructs a considerably larger class of integrable functions via an extension procedure. This naturally leads to the Lebesgue integral, which is distinguished by general convergence theorems for pointwise convergent sequences of functions. The measure theory for Lebesgue measurable sets appears in this context as the theory of integration for characteristic functions. Classical results from the theory of measure and integration are presented, together with the theorems of Egorov and Lusin. Banach and Hilbert spaces are introduced in \S~6, whereas \S~7 deals with the Lebesgue spaces \(L^p\) of exponents \(1\leq p\leq +\infty.\) Orthogonal systems of functions in the Hilbert space \(L^2\) are investigated and, following the ideas of J. von Neumann, the author determines the dual spaces \((L^p)^*=L^q\) and shows the weak compactness of the Lebesgue spaces. Chapter III deals with the topological properties of mappings in \({\mathbb R}^n\) and nonlinear systems of equations. In this context, the Brouwer mapping degree is introduced and its integral representation due to E. Heinz is given. Besides the fundamental properties of the mapping degree, classical topology results are obtained such as the theorems of Poincaré about spherical vector-fields and that of Jordan--Brouwer on topological spheres in \({\mathbb R}^n.\) The case \(n=2\) reduces to the theory of the winding number. In Chapter IV the theory of holomorphic functions in one and several complex variables is developed. By means of the Stokes integral theorem well-known results from the classical theory of functions are easily attainable. In addition, solutions of the inhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann differential equation are studied. Section \S~6 assembles statements on pseudoholomorphic functions, which are similar to holomorphic functions as far as the behavior at their zeros is concerned. The Riemannian mapping theorem is proved through an extremal method due to Koebe and the boundary behavior of conformal mappings is investigated. Chapter V is devoted to the study of Potential Theory in \({\mathbb R}^n.\) With the aid of the Gaussian integral theorem, the Poisson equation is studied and the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian is solved by means of the Perron method. The Poisson integral representation is used to develop the theory of spherical harmonics in \({\mathbb R}^n.\) Chapter VI deals with linear partial differential equations in \({\mathbb R}^n.\) Maximum principle for elliptic equations is derived and its application to quasilinear elliptic operators is proposed. \S~3 deals with the heat equation and parabolic maximum-minimum principles. The Cauchy initial value problem for the wave equation in \({\mathbb R}^n\) is studied for dimensions \(n=1,3,2.\) Moreover, the inhomogeneous wave equation and initial boundary-value problems for it are considered. It is shown that the Lorentz transformations are invariant transformations for the wave operator.