Wild models of curves (Q2509402)

The author extends the work of his earlier paper [Math. Ann., 287, No. 1, 135--150 (1990; Zbl 0668.14019)] to the wild case. The models in question are regular models of the smooth proper geometrically connected curves \(X/K\) of genus \(g > 0\) over quasi-local field (complete discrete valuation field \(K\) with ring of integer \(O_K\) and algebraically closed residue field \(k\) of characteristic \(p > 0\)) obtained by desingularizing of wild quotient singularities of the smooth models of \(X_{L}/L\), \([L:K] = p\). ``Assume that \(X/K\) does not have good reduction and that it obtains good reduction over a Galois extension \(L/K\).'' Let \({\mathcal Y}/{\mathcal O}_L\) be the smooth model of \(X_{L}/L\). Let \(H := Gal(L/K)\), and let \({\mathcal Z}/{\mathcal O}_K\) denote the quotient \({\mathcal Y}/H\) with singular points \(Q_{1}, \dots, Q_{d}\) and \(d \geq 1\). Let \({\mathcal X}/{\mathcal O}_K\) be a regular model of \(X/K\). The regular model can be obtained by resolving the singularities of the scheme \({\mathcal Z}\). Let \({\mathcal X}/k := \sum_{i=1}^{v} r_{i}C_{i}\) denote the special fibre of \({\mathcal X}\). Let \(\sigma\) denote a generator of \(H\). The main theorem (6.8) says that if all ramification points of \({\mathcal Y}_{k} \to {\mathcal Y}_{k}/{\langle \sigma \rangle} \) are weakly ramified, then, for all \(i = 1, \dots, d,\) we have \( r_{i} = p\), and the graph \(G_{Q_{i}}\) of the desingularization of \( Q_{i}\) is a graph with a single node \(C_{i}\) of degree 3. The intersection matrix \(N(p,\alpha_{i},r_{1}(i))\) of the resolution of \( Q_{i}\) is uniquely determined by the two integers \(\alpha_{i}\) and \( r_{1}(i)\) with \(1 \leq r_{1}(i) < p\). The integer \( r_{1}(i)\) is number of vertices of self-intersection \(-2\) (including the node \(C_{i}\)) on the chain of \(G_{Q_{i}}\) connecting the node \(C_{0}\) to the single node \(C_{i}\) of \(G_{Q_{i}}\), and this integer \(\alpha_{i}\) is divisible by \(p\). The proof is based on author's results on arithmetical graphs (Theorem 6.4 and Proposition 4.3 of the paper under review) and on computations and properties of Smith group of the intersection matrix by the author [Math. Z. 275, No. 1--2, 211--232 (2013; Zbl 1309.14003)]. Let \(A/K\) be the Jacobian of \(X/K\) of genus \(g\). Let \({\mathcal A}/{\mathcal O}_K\) be its Néron model. The following are corollaries to the theorem in the case \(g > 1\): (I) If all ramification points of \({\mathcal Y}_{k} \to {\mathcal Y}_{k}/{\langle \sigma \rangle} \) are weakly ramified, then: (a) \(X(K) \neq \emptyset\). (b) The unipotent part \(U/k\) of the connected component of the identity in \({\mathcal A}_{k}/k\) is a product of additive groups \({\mathbb G}_{a,k}\). (c) The group of components \(\Phi_{A,K}\) of the Néron model is isomorphic to \(({\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z})^{2d - 2}\). (II) If all ramification points of \({\mathcal Y}_{k} \to {\mathcal Y}_{k}/{\langle \sigma \rangle} \) are weakly ramified, then \(\Phi_{A,K}\) is a \({\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}\)-vector space of dimension \(2d - 2\), and \(\Phi_{A,K}^{0}\) is a subspace of dimension \(d - 1\). Moreover, \(\Phi_{A,K}^{0} = (\Phi_{A,K}^{0})^{\perp}\). Properties of groups of components of Néron models of abelian varieties and of algebraic tori over discrete valuation fields with non-separable closed residue fields have been investigated by \textit{S. Bosch} and \textit{Q. Liu} [Manuscr. Math. 98, No. 3, 275--293 (1999; Zbl 0934.14029)]. The paper under review contains further interesting results. Section 2 includes Proposition 2.5 which exhibits a key difference between the tame and wild cases. For smooth projective connected hyperelliptic curves corollaries and examples are given. Results about models of superelliptic curves has obtained by \textit{C. Greither} [J. Number Theory 154, 292--323 (2015; Zbl 1326.11051)]. The third section of the paper under review deals with the arithmetical graphs \(G\) and in the fourth section the author introduces and investigates a measure of how ``omplicated'' certain graphs are. Section five discusses the quotient construction. Let \(\alpha: {\mathcal Y} \to {\mathcal Z}\) denote the quotient map and let \({\mathcal X} \to {\mathcal Z}\) obtained from \( {\mathcal Z}\) by minimal desingularization. ``After finitely many blow-ups \({\mathcal X'} \to {\mathcal X}\) we can assume that the model \({\mathcal X'}\) is such that \({\mathcal X'}_{k}\) has smooth components and normal crossings and is minimal with this properties. Let \(f\) denote the composition \({\mathcal X'} \to {\mathcal Z}\).'' The main result of the section is Theorem 5.3. It says that if \(G_{Q_{i}}\) denote the graph associated with the curve \(f^{-1}(Q)\) and if \(G\) denote the graph associated with the special fiber \({\mathcal X'}_{k}\), then for all \(i = 1, \dots, d,\) the graph \(G_{Q_{i}}\) contains a node of \(G\) and \(p\) divides \(r_{1}\). Finally the author gives two remarks concerning intersection matrix and graph associated with the resolution of a \({\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}\)-singularity and the graph associated with resolution of a singular point \(Q_{i}\) in the quotient \({\mathcal Z}\).