A new approach to the description of one-parameter groups of formal power series in one indeterminate (Q2510416)

Let \(\mathbb{K}\mathbb{[\![}X\mathbb{]\!]}\), where \(\mathbb{K} \in \{\mathbb{R}, \mathbb{C} \}\), denote the ring of all formal power series (FPS) with coefficients from \(\mathbb{K}\) and let \(\Gamma\) denote the group of all invertible FPS with the substitution \(\circ\) as a binary operation. By a \textit{one-parameter group of FPS} we mean any homeomorphism from a group \((G, +)\) into \((\Gamma, \circ)\) i.e. any function \(\Theta_G: G \to \Gamma\) such that \[ \Theta_G(t_1 + t_2)(X) = (\Theta_G(t_1) \circ \Theta_G(t_2))(X) \;\;(t_1, t_2 \in G). \] In this case the family \((F(t, X))_{t \in G}\), where \(F(t, X) := \Theta_G(t)(X)\) satisfies the translation equation \[ \begin{cases} F(t_1 + t_2, X) = F(t_1, F(t_2, X)) & (t_1, t_2 \in G)\\ F(0, X) = X. \end{cases} \tag{A} \] Every \(F(t, X)\;(t \in G)\) is of the form \(F(t, X) = \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty}c_k(t)X^k\), where \(c_1: G \to \mathbb{K} \setminus \{0\}, c_k: G \to \mathbb{K}\) for \(k \geq 2\). The authors find polynomials \(p_k(y_1, y_2,\dots,y_{2k-1},y_{2k})\) such that \(p_k(c_1(t_1), c_1(t_2),\dots, c_k(t_1), c_k(t_2))\) is the \(k^{th}\) coefficient of \((F(t_1, F(t_2, X))\). From (A) one gets \[ c_k(t_1 + t_2) = p_k(c_1(t_1), c_1(t_2),\dots, c_{2k-1}(t_1), c_{2}(t_2))\;(k \in \mathbb{N}). \tag{B} \] This infinite system of functional equations is solving under the assumption of commutativity of the group \((G, +)\) and then one-parameter groups of FPS are found in different cases. Using new methods the authors give simpler proofs of their own earlier results in a more precise form. In the case \(G = \mathbb{K}\) system (B) is solved in the class \(\mathcal{C}^{\infty}\) when \(\mathbb{K} = \mathbb{R}\) or in the complex case. So all regular one-parameter groups of FPS are found. If \(F(t, X) = \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty}c_k(t)X^k\), then \(\frac{\partial F}{\partial t}(t, X) := \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty}c_k'(t)X^k\). The authors prove Theorem 2. (i) If family \((F(t,X))_{t \in \mathbb{K}}\) is a regular one-parameter group of FPS, then there exists a formal power series \(H(X) \in \mathbb{K}[\![X]\!]\) such that \[ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial F}{\partial t}(t, X) = H(F(t, X)) & (t \in G)\\ F(0,X) = X. \end{cases} \] (ii) For each \(H(X) \in \mathbb{K}[\![X]\!]\), \(\mathrm{ord} H \geq 1\), the family \((F(t,X))_{t \in \mathbb{K}}\) defined by (C) is a regular one-parameter group of FPS. (iii) The series \(H\) is uniquely determined by \((F(t,X))_{t \in \mathbb{K}}\). It is given by the formula \(H(X) := \frac{\partial F}{\partial t}(0, X)\), in particular, \(\mathrm{ord} H \geq 1\). The discussion of the problem of embedding a given FPS into a one-parameter group of FPS finished the paper. The truncated FPS are also studied.