On internally strong Świątkowski functions (Q2510959)

Given a function \(f \colon I \to \mathbb{R}\) with \(I \subseteq \mathbb{R}\) a nondegenerate interval, let \(\mathcal{C}(f)\) be the set of points of continuity of \(f\). The map \(f\) is a strong Świątkowski function (\(f \in \mathcal{S}_s\)) if for all \(a,b \in I\) with \(a < b\) and every \(y\) in the open interval determined by \(f(a)\) and \(f(b)\) there is \(x_0 \in \mathcal{C}(f) \cap (a,b)\) such that \(f(x_0) = y\), see \textit{A. Maliszewski} [Zesz. Nauk. Politech. Łódz., Mat. 719(27), 87--93 (1995; Zbl 0885.26002)]. The authors introduce a variant of this definition in which one further requires the point \(x_0\) to be in the interior of \(\mathcal{C}(f)\): functions \(f\) satisfying this stronger property are called internally strong Świątkowski functions, and their collection is denoted by \(\mathcal{S}_{si}\). The authors then study some properties of the class \(\mathcal{S}_{si}\). In particular, they show that (Corollary 4.6) if a function \(f \colon I \to \mathbb{R}\) is quasi-continuous (i.e.\ such that for every \(x \in I\) and every open neighborhoods \(U\) and \(V\) of, respectively, \(x\) and \(f(x)\), the set \(U \cap f^{-1}(V)\) has nonempty interior, see [\textit{S. Kempisty}, Fundam. Math. 19, 184--197 (1932; Zbl 0005.19802)]), then \(f\) is in the uniform closure of \(\mathcal{S}_{si}\) if and only if it belongs to the class \(U\) introduced in [\textit{A. M. Bruckner} et al., Colloq. Math. 15, 65--77 (1966; Zbl 0138.28004)], i.e.\ if and only if \(f\) is such that for every \(a,b \in I\) with \(a < b\) and every set \(A \subset [a,b]\) of cardinality strictly smaller than the continuum, the set \(f([a,b] \setminus A)\) is dense in the closed interval determined by \(f(a)\) and \(f(b)\). This result strengthens an analogous result from the mentioned A. Maliszewski [loc. cit.] in which the class \(\mathcal{S}_{si}\) was replaced by \(\mathcal{S}_s\). Moreover they show that (Theorems 4.7--4.9) the classes \[ \mathcal{M}_a(\mathcal{S}_{si}) = \{ f \colon \forall g \in \mathcal{S}_{si} \, (f+g \in \mathcal{S}_{si}) \} \] \[ \mathcal{M}_m(\mathcal{S}_{si}) = \{ f \colon \forall g \in \mathcal{S}_{si} \, (f \cdot g \in \mathcal{S}_{si}) \} \] \[ \mathcal{M}_{\max}(\mathcal{S}_{si}) = \{ f \colon \forall g \in \mathcal{S}_{si} \, (\max \{ f,g \} \in \mathcal{S}_{si}) \} \] all coincide with the collection of constant functions, and that (Theorem 4.10) a function \(f \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) can be expressed as the sum of two internally strong Świątkowski functions if and only if the interior of \(\mathcal{C}(f)\) is dense in \(\mathbb{R}\).