Introduction to Lie groups and transformation groups (Q2521608)

This is an introductory lecture on Lie groups and transformation groups. In Chap. 1, the author introduces the general notion of \(G\)-objects, i. e. objects of a category such that a group \(G\) operates on them. This notion is applicable not only to Lie groups of transformations but also to other groups such as topological groups or algebraic groups. (As for the notion of categories and functors, the author gives briefly their definitions and properties in the appendix.) If \(G\) is a topological group (resp. a Lie group), a \(G\)-object \(X\) of the category of topological spaces (resp. differentiable manifolds) is called \(G\)-space (resp. \(G\)-manifold) if the operation \(G\times X\to X\) is a morphism in the category. These objects are treated in Chap. 2 and 3. But, in this lecture, the notions of a differentiable manifold, a differentiable map and a vector field are supposed to be known. In Chap. 4, for a \((G)\)-manifold \(X\), the set \(OX\) of operators on \(X\), the \(R\)-vector space \(CX\) of the real valued functions on \(X\), the \(R\)-Lie algebra \(DX\) of the vector fields on \(X\), the \(R\)-Lie algebra \(LG\) of invariant vector fields on a Lie group \(G\) are introduced and functorial properties of these objects are systematically given. Thus the author deals with the relation between Lie groups and its Lie algebras. Vector fields and one-parameter groups of transformations are objects of a classical theory of continuous groups. From the relation between vector fields and ordinary differential equations, we understand how the Lie algebra of a Lie group gives a deep information on the group, and it gives rise to the notion of exponential maps of the invariant vector fields on \(G\) into the Lie group \(G\). In Chap. 5 and 6, these objects are treated and as an application, it is proved among others that a homomorphism in the algebraic sense of Lie groups which is continuous is a homomorphism of Lie groups. In Chap. 7, subgroups of a Lie group are defined and their Lie algebras are treated. Relations between a homomorphism of Lie groups and that of Lie algebras are also studied and it is proved that the local property of a Lie group is characterized by its Lie algebra. Finally, in Chap. 8, the automorphism group of an algebra or a Lie group is treated and fundamental properties of adjoint representations are given.