Sylow's theorem is a sharp partial converse to Lagrange's theorem (Q2536089)

A common observation is that one of Sylow's theorems may be regarded as a partial converse to Lagrange's theorem on finite groups: Let \(G\) be any finite group, and \(d\) a divisor of the order of \(G\); if \(d\) is a prime power, then \(d\) is the order of some subgroup of \(G\). This is ``sharp'' in the sense that if \(d\) is any positive integer which is not a prime power, then there exists a finite group whose order is divisible by \(d\) but which contains no subgroup of order \(d\). The problem is raised finding necessary and sufficient conditions on a pair \((g,d)\) of positive integers such that every group of order \(g\) contains a subgroup of order \(d\).