Multiplication alteration by two-cocycles (Q2545922)

We shall review this paper from the last parts. Let \(k\) be a field and \(U\) a finite central separable \(k\)-algebra. We take a simple subalgebra \(L\) of \(U\) and put \(A =V_U(L) = \{u\mid u\in U,\;ul =lu\) for all \(l\in L\}\). Then we have 1) \(A\otimes A\;{\overset {g}\rightarrow}\;\Hom_{L-L}(U,U)\) \((u\otimes a\mapsto v\mapsto uva)\) is a bijection and 2) \(U\otimes A\;{\overset {f}\rightarrow}\;\Hom_{K-L}(U,U)\) \((u\otimes a\mapsto v\mapsto uva)\) is a bijection (Proposition 1.6). Then we can easily prove by the standard arguments that 1) and 2) induce isomorphisms \[ \otimes^{n+1}A\;{\overset {g^n}\rightarrow}\;\Hom_{L-L}(U,U)\quad (a_0\otimes a_1\otimes\cdots\otimes a_n\to u_1\otimes u_2\otimes\cdots\otimes u_n\to a_0u_1a_1u_2\cdots u_na_n) \] \[ U\otimes\otimes^n A\;{\overset {f^n}\rightarrow}\;\Hom_{K-L}(\otimes^n U,U)\;(u\otimes a_1\otimes\cdots\otimes a_n\to u_1\otimes u_2\otimes\cdots\otimes u_n \to uu_1a_1u_2a_2\cdots u_na_n), \] respectively, where \(\otimes^n_LU = U\otimes_LU\otimes_L\cdots\otimes_LU\) \((n\)-times). We are interested only in cases, \(n=2\), and \(3\). Because, if we take \(L=k\), \(A=U\), then the multiplication \(C\) of \(U\) gives an element in \(\Hom_k(U\otimes U,U)\). Then by \(f^2\) we have a unique element \(\sigma=\sum_i u_i\otimes v_i\otimes w_i\) in \(\otimes^3 U\) such that 3) \(u\otimes v=\sum u_iuv_ivw_i\) for any \(u,v\in U\). Since \(C\) is associative, \(C(C\otimes I) = C (I\otimes C)\) on \(\otimes^4 U\). Therefore, we obtain a relation \[ \sum_{j,i} u_iu_j\otimes v_j\otimes w_jv_i\otimes w_i = \sum_{i,j} u_i\otimes v_iu_j\otimes v_i\otimes w_jw_i. \tag{4} \] Furthermore, \(U\) has the identity \(e_\sigma( =1)\) and \(C(e_\sigma\otimes *)\) is an element in \(\Hom_k(U,U)\), and hence, \[ 1\otimes 1 = \sum u_ie_\sigma v_j\otimes w_i= (C(e_\sigma\otimes *) = C(*\otimes e_\sigma)) = \sum u_i\otimes v_ie_\sigma w_i.\tag{5} \] Conversely, let \(\sigma'= \sum u'_i\otimes v'_i \otimes w'_i\) in \(\otimes^3U\) satisfy 4) and 5) with some element \(e_\sigma\). We define a new product \(\circ\) in \(U\) by 3), where the right side in 3) is the original product in \(U\). Then \(U\) is a \(k\)-algebra with identity \(e_\sigma\) by a new product \(\circ\). We denote this new algebra by \(U^\sigma\) (the elements in \(U^\sigma\) are the same in \(U\) and \(U,U^\sigma\) have the same additive structure by a correspondence \(\xi: u\to u^\sigma)\). Now, we take two algebras \(U^\sigma\) and \(U^\tau\) where \(\sigma=\sum u_i\otimes v_i\otimes w_i\), \(\tau=\sum r_i\otimes s_i\otimes t_l\) in \(U\otimes U\otimes A\). Put \(H^\sigma: L\to U^\sigma: (l\to (e_\sigma l)^\sigma)\) and \(H^\tau: L\to U^\tau: (l\to (e_\tau l)^\tau)\). Then \(H^\sigma\) and \(H^\tau\) are \(k\)-algebra homomorphisms. We assume that there exists an algebra homomorphism \(r: U^\sigma\to U^\tau\) such that \(rH^\sigma = H^\tau\) on \(L\). Then \(r\) induces an element \(\bar r\) in \(\Hom_{k_L}(U,U)\). Hence, there exists a unique element \(\varphi=\sum x_i\otimes y_i\)\ in \(U\otimes A\) by \(f\) such that \(\bar r(u) = \sum_i x_iuy_i\) for all \(u\in U\) and \[ r(u^\sigma) = (\sum_i x_i uy_i)^\tau. \tag{6} \] Further we obtain \[ \sum_{i,j} x_iu_j\otimes v_j\otimes w_jy_i= \sum_{i,j,q} r_ix_i\otimes y_is_ix_q\otimes y_qt_i \tag{7} \] by a relation \(r(u^\sigma v^\sigma) =r(u^\sigma)r(v^\sigma)\) and \(f^2\), and \[ e_\tau = (r(1_{U^\sigma}) = \sum_i x_ie_\sigma y_i.\tag{8} \] Moreover, if \(r\) is an isomorphism, we take \(r^{-1}:U^\tau\to U^\sigma\). Then, we obtain \(\bar \varphi = \sum \bar x_i\otimes \bar y_i\) such that \[ \sum_{i,j} \bar x_jx_i\otimes y_j\bar y_i =1\otimes 1= \sum_{i,j} x_i\bar x_j\otimes \bar y_jy_i. \tag{9} \] Conversely, if we take \(\varphi\) in \(U\otimes A\), then \(\varphi'\) gives an algebra homomorphism over \(I\) and \(r\) is an isomorphism if there exists \(\bar \varphi\) with the relation 9). From those observations, we shall go back the first part of this paper. Let \(k\) be a commutative ring and \(U\) a \(k\)-algebra. Let \(\sigma\) be in \(\otimes^3U\). If \(\sigma\) satisfies 4) and 5) with \(e_\sigma\), \(\sigma\) is called a 2-cocycle. Let \(\sigma\) and \(\tau\) be 2-cocycles and \(\varphi\) be in \(U\otimes U\). We call ``\(\sigma\) is cohomologous to \(\tau\)'' if 7) and 8) are satisfied and \(\sigma\) is vertible if there exists \(\bar \varphi\) in \(U\otimes U\) satisfying 9), (in this definition we take \(A=U)\). If \(\sigma\) is invertible in \(\otimes^3U\), then the definition of 2-cocycle in this paper coincides with that of Amitsur. Now, let \(L\) be a subalgebra of \(U\) and \(A =V_U(L)\). We say that \((U,L,A)\) satisfies H1 if 2) is satisfied and \(A\) is a finitely generated and projective \(k\)-module and we say that \((U,L,A)\) satisfies H2 if 2) is satisfied and \((U,L,A)\) satisfies H1. Thus, we have the main theorems: Theorem 3.5a. Assume \((U,k,U)\) and \((U,L,A)\) satisfy H1. Let \(\bar U\) be a \(k\)-algebra and \(h: U\to\bar U\) an algebra homomorphism. If \(\Phi: U\to\bar U\) is a right \(L\)-module isomorphism, then there is a unique 2-cocycle in \(U\otimes U\otimes A\) and an algebra isomorphism \(\psi: U^\sigma\to\bar U\) such that \(h=\psi H^\sigma\) and \(\Phi= \psi\xi\). Theorem 4.3a. Assume \((U,k,U)\), \((U,L,A)\) satisfy H1. Let \(\sigma,\tau\) be two 2-cocycles in \(U\otimes U\otimes A\). Then we can express an algebra homomorphism (resp. isomorphism) of \(U^\sigma\) to \(U^\tau\) in terms of cohomologies (resp. vertible) as in the first part of this review without the assumption of central separability. Furthermore, the author gives some applications in the case of central separable algebra over a field and one-one mapping between 2-cohomology set (not group) and equivalent classes of algebras.