On the conservation of hyperbolic invariant tori for Hamiltonian systems (Q2559601)

A result is discussed which is a generalization of a theorem by Kolmogorov and Arnold an the perturbation of invariant tori for real analytic Hamiltonian systems. Consider the real analytic Hamiltonian \(\mathcal H(x,y,p,q) = F(y,p,q)\) with conjugate variables \((x,y)\), \((p,q)\) where \(x\in T^n\), \(y\in\mathbb R^n\), \(p\in\mathbb R^n\) and \(q\in\mathbb R^m\). Assume \(F_p(y, 0, 0) = 0\), \(F_q(y, 0, 0) = 0\), and that the eigenvalues of \(J^{-1}F_{vv}(y, 0, 0)\), \(v = (p,q)\), \(J = \left(\begin{smallmatrix} 0 & I\\ -I & 0\end{smallmatrix}\right)\), do not lie an the imaginary axis. The associated system of differential equations possesses a family of invariant tori \(y = \overset\circ y\), \(p = 0\), \(q = 0\). In addition, there exist two unique \(n+m\) dimensional real analytic manifolds \(M_+(\overset\circ y)\) and \(M_-(\overset\circ y)\) upon which solutions, respectively, leave and approach each invariant torus \(y=\overset\circ y\), \(p=0\), \(q=0\) exponentially and tangentially. The following statement is proved. Theorem: Let \(\overset\circ y\) be chosen such that the components of \(\omega = F_y(\overset\circ y,0,0)\) are rationally independent and satisfy the irrationality condition \(| (j,\omega)|\geq K| j|^{-(n+1)}\) for some \(K\) and all integer valued vectors \(j\). Suppose \(F_{yy}^{-1}(y,0,0)\) exists and is real analytic. Then, the invariant torus \(y=\overset\circ y\), \(p=0\), \(q=0\) may be continued analytically under any sufficiently small real analytic perturbation \(H(x,y,p,q)\) of the Hamiltonian \(\mathcal H(x,y,p,q)\). The continued torus is represented by an embedding \(\mathcal U: \xi\to (x,y, p,q) \in T^n\times \mathbb R^{n+2m}\). Moreover the \(n+m\)-dimensional manifolds \(M_+(\overset\circ y)\) and \(M_-(\overset\circ y)\) also persist. The existence of the continued torus is proved by using a Newton iteration procedure. No restriction is placed upon the multiplicity of the eigenvalues of \(J^{-1} F_{vv}(y,0,0)\). The results, concerning \(M_+(\overset\circ y)\) and \(M_-(\overset\circ y)\) are an extension of work done by \textit{A. Kelley} [J. Differ. Equations 3, 546--570 (1967; Zbl 0173.11001)]. In addition, the Hamiltonian character of the problem implies that \(M_+(\overset\circ y)\) and \(M_-(\overset\circ y)\) are Lagrangian manifolds. The theorem is applicable to the study of an equilibrium of a Hamiltonian system at which the purely imaginary eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix of the linearized system occur in distinct pairs.