On a non-vanishing Ext (Q2568663)

Let \(R\) be a valuation domain and \(Q\) its field of quotients. A uniserial \(R\)-module is a module whose submodules form a chain under inclusion. A divisible uniserial \(R\)-module is called standard if it is an epic image of \(Q\). The uniserial \(R\)-module \(Q\) can be represented as the union of a well-ordered ascending chain of cyclic submodules: \(R = Rr_0 < Rr_1^{-1} < \cdots < Rr_\alpha^{-1} < \cdots < \bigcup_{\alpha<\kappa}Rr_\alpha^{-1} = Q\) , where \(r_0 = 1\), \(r_\alpha \in R\) and \(\kappa\) denotes an infinite cardinal. A uniserial divisible torsion \(R\)-module \(U\) is said to be a clone of \(Q/R\) if there are units \(e_\alpha^\beta \in R\) for all pairs \(\alpha < \beta\;(< \kappa)\) such that \(e_\alpha^\beta e_\beta^\gamma - e_\alpha^\gamma \in Rr_\alpha\) for all \(\alpha < \beta < \gamma\;(< \kappa)\), and \(U\) is the direct limit of the direct system \((Rr_\alpha^{-1}/R , \iota_\alpha^\beta\,e_\alpha^\beta)\), where \(\iota_\alpha^\beta\,e_\alpha^\beta\) is the multiplication by \(e_\alpha^\beta\) followed by the inclusion map \(\iota_\alpha^\beta:Rr_\alpha^{-1}/R \to Rr_\beta^{-1}/R\). Then, using the ZFC axioms alone, the following theorem is verified: There exist valuation domains \(R\) admitting non-standard uniserial torsion divisible modules such that \(\text{Ext}_R^1(Q,U_i) \neq 0\) for various clones \(U_i\) of \(Q/R\). For the proof, the authors make use of the valuation domain constructed by the first author [\textit{L. Fuchs}, Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Padova 76, 247--254 (1986; Zbl 0611.13010)]. Some corollaries are stated.