Periodic delay effects on cutting dynamics (Q2570976)

This paper studies delay equations, where delay varies sinusoidally with time \[ \dot x(t)=f(x(t),x(t-\tau+\mu\sin\omega t),\alpha), \] where \(\tau\geq0\), \(\mu\ll1\), \(\omega\) is bounded and \(\alpha\) represents additional bifurcation parameters. The motivation for this study arises from the dynamics of cutting processes. The periodic delay equation is studied for small \(\mu\) in the vicinity of a Hopf bifurcation at \(\alpha=\alpha_c\) of the trivial solution \(x=0\) for \(\mu=0\). The authors expand the system to first order in \(\mu\) for general \(\alpha\) to obtain a delay differential equation with constant delay and periodic coefficients. In the next step, the equation is reduced to its four-dimensional center manifold for \(\alpha\) close to \(\alpha_c\) and \(\mu\) small. (Two of the dimensions of the manifold account for the periodic forcing.) The paper goes on to study the truncated normal form of the periodically forced Hopf bifurcation, where the periodic forcing appears on the diagonal linear coefficients, close to the 1:2 resonance between the forcing and the Hopf frequency. The authors classify steady-state bifurcations of this truncated system. Codimension-one bifurcations are pitchfork and Hopf bifurcations of the origin. The double-zero eigenvalue bifurcation (called Takens-Bogdanov in this article) is of codimension two.