Hopf bifurcation in a system of two coupled advertising oscillators (Q2572114)

Inspired by an advertising model from economy theory, the authors consider the following system of two coupled identical oscillators \[ \begin{aligned} \dot{x}_{1} &= -a(x_{1} + bx_{2} + 2x_{1}x_{2} + x_{2}^{2} + x_{1}x_{2}^{2}) + c(x_{1} - x_{3}),\\ \dot{x}_{2} &= x_{1} + x_{2} + 2x_{1}x_{2} + x_{2}^{2} + x_{1}x_{2}^{2},\\ \dot{x}_{3} &= -a(x_{3} + bx_{4} + 2x_{3}x_{4} + x_{4}^{2} + x_{3}x_{4}^{2}) + c(x_{3} - x_{1}),\\ \dot{x}_{4} &= x_{3} + x_{4} + 2x_{3}x_{4} + x_{4}^{2} + x_{3}x_{4}^{2},\end{aligned} \] which is invariant under the permutation \((x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}, x_{4}) \rightarrow (x_{3}, x_{4}, x_{1}, x_{2})\). The parameters are taken from \(D = \{(a, b, c): a > 0, b > 1, c> 0\}\). The system contains five equilibrium points. Conditions are also given to locate in \(D\) parameter values corresponding to nonhyperbolic singularities. In particular, this has been with the equilibrium point \(e_{0} = (0, 0, 0, 0)\). It is proved that in the system all nonhyperbolic singularities are of Hopf type. In that sense, the Hopf bifurcation around \(e_{0}\) is studied in detail using the techniques of center manifold and Lyapunov coefficients. Since the phase space of the former system is \(4D\), in order to visualize the results, projections on \(3D\) spaces or on planes must be done. But some difficulties arise since it is difficult to observe the presence of limit cycles associated to Hopf bifurcations. That problem is solved by using in each example its center manifold which is \(2D\) and choosing initial conditions located on it. The numerical simulations explain within some accuracy the teorethical results on the presence of stable limit cycles with 8 regimes of behavior.