Ortho and causal closure as a closure operations in the causal logic (Q2575512)

The authors continue their work from [Commun. Math. Phys. 259, No. 2, 363--366 (2005; Zbl 1079.81007)]. Let \(Z\) be a non-empty set and \({\mathcal G}\) a covering of \(Z\). The authors define two closure operations [in the sense of V.1 in \textit{G. Birkhoff}, Lattice Theory, AMS Colloquium Publications 25, AMS, Providence, Rhode Island (1967; Zbl 0153.02501)]: causal closure \(\Delta\) by \(\Delta(A):=\{z\in Z \mid \forall G\in {\mathcal G}: G\cap A \neq \emptyset \}\) and orthoclosure \(^{\bot\bot}\) by \(A^\bot := \{z\in Z \mid \forall G\in {\mathcal G}: G\cap A = \emptyset \}\), where \(A\subseteq Z\). They explore the relations between these two operations. For instance, they prove \(A\subseteq D(A)\subseteq A^{\bot\bot}\). For \(x, y \in Z\) the authors define \(x\perp y\) iff there is no \(G\in{\mathcal G}\) containing \(x\) and \(y\), and they call a subset \(A\) of \(Z\) orthogonal iff \(x\perp y\) for any \(x, y \in A, x\neq y\). They consider the product \(Z={R}\times X\) of the reals \(R\) with some arbitrary topological space \(X\), and take the set \({\mathcal G}\) of all graphs \(G_f\) of continuous functions \(f : {R}\to X\) as a covering. Now, for an orthogonal subset \(A\) of \(I \times X\), where \(I\) is some interval of the reals, they prove (Thm. 3.1) \(\Delta(A) = A^{\bot\bot}\). Furthermore, the set of double orthoclosures \(A^{\bot\bot}\) of such subsets \(A\) is an orthomodular lattice, (Thm. 3.2). Examples in two-dimensional Minkowski space-time are given.