Homotopy invariants of covers and KKM-type lemmas (Q2630682)

The author denotes by \(EP_n\) the set of pairs of topological spaces \((X,A)\) (with \(X\) normal) such that there is a continuous map \(f:A\to S^n\) which is nontrivial in \([A,S^n]\) that does not extend over \(X\). Let \(K\) be a finite simplicial complex with a labelling \(L:\text{Vert}(K)\to\{0,\dotsc,m\}\) and denote by \(\Delta^m\) an \(m\)-simplex with vertices \(v_0,\dotsc,v_m\). Then there is a map \(f_L:\text{Vert}(K)\to\{v_0,\dotsc,v_m\}\) defined by \(f_L(u):=v_{L(u)}\) which extends to a simplicial map \(f_L:K\to|\Delta^m|\). We have an open covering \(\mathcal{U}_K(K)=\{U_0(K),\dotsc,U_m(K)\}\) where \(U_j(K)=\bigcup_{\{v\in\text{Vert}(K)|\;L(v)=j\}} \text{St}(v)\) where St denotes the open star. If no simplex in \(K\) has \(m+1\) distinct labels then \(f_L\) maps \(K\) into \(\partial|\Delta^m|\cong S^{m-1}\). Denote then by \([L]\) the homotopy class of \(f_L\) in \([|K|,S^{m-1}]\). Now let \(T\) be a normal topological space \(T\) with a finite open cover \(\mathcal{U}\) with nerve \(N(\mathcal{U})\) and canonical map \(c:T\to N(\mathcal{U})\). Moreover, we have an embedding \(\alpha:|N(\mathcal{U})|\to|\Delta^m|\) and if \(\cap\mathcal{U}=\emptyset\) this yields \(\alpha:|N(\mathcal{U})|\to S^{m-1}\). Let then \(\rho_{\mathcal{U},c}:=\alpha\circ c\) and denote the homotopy class of \(\rho_{\mathcal{U},c}\) in \([T,S^{m-1}]\) by \([\mathcal{U}]\). Choose a partition of unity \(\{\phi_0,\dotsc,\phi_m\}\) subordinate to \(\mathcal{U}\) and vertices \(v_0,\dotsc,v_m\) of an \(m\)-dimensional simplex \(V\) and define \(\rho_{\mathcal{U},\Phi,V}(x):=\sum_{i=0}^n\phi_i(x)v_i\). Choose a point \(p\in\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\setminus\rho_{\mathcal{U},\Phi,V}(T)\) and define \(f_{\mathcal{U},\Phi,V,p}(x):=\frac{\rho_{\mathcal{U},\Phi,V}(x)-p}{\|\rho_{Cal{U},\Phi,V}(x)-p\|}\). Finally, denote the homotopy class of \(f_{\mathcal{U},V,p}\) in \([T,S^n]\) by \(h(\mathcal{U},V,p)\) and for a simplicial complex with labelling \(L\) let \(h(K,L,V,p):=h(\mathcal{U}_L(K),V,p)\). The author then proves the following theorem: Let \(X\) be a simplicial complex and \(Q\) a subcomplex, \(X:=|K|\), \(A:=|Q|\) and assume \((X,A)\in\text{EP}_n\). Let \(L:\text{Vert}\to\{0,\dotsc,m\}\) be a labelling of \(K\), let \(V\) be as above and \(p\in\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) and denote by \(\text{cov}(p)\) the set \(\{J\subset\{0,\dotsc,m\}|\;p\in\text{conv}\{v_j|\;j\in J\}\}\). Assume that there is no simplex in \(Q\) with vertex set labelled by \(J\in\text{cov}(p)\). Then there is a simplex \(s\) in \(K\) the vertices of which have labels in a set \(J\in\text{cov}(p)\). If \(m=n+1\) and \(0\not=[L]\in[|Q|,S^n]\) then there is a simplex in \(K\) with label set \(\{0,\dotsc,n+1\}\).