Arithmetic progressions and its applications to \((m,q)\)-isometries: a survey (Q2634305)

Let \(a=\{a_n\}_{n \geq 0}\) be a sequence in a group \(G\). Then \(\{a_n\}_{n\geq 0}\) is called an \textit{arithmetic progression of order \(h\)} if \(\sum_{k=0}^{h+1} (-1)^{h+1-k}{h \choose k} a_{n+k}=0\). An arithmetic progression of order \(h\) is said to be of \textit{strict order \(h\)} if \(h=0\) or if \(h > 1\) and it is not of order \(h-1\). Let \(H\) denote a Hilbert space and \({\mathcal L}(H)\) denote the space of all bounded linear operators acting on \(H\). An operator \(T \in {\mathcal L}(H)\) is called an \textit{\(m\)-isometry} if \(\sum_{k=0}^m (-1)^{m-k} {m \choose k}T^{*k}T^k=0\), where \(T^*\) denotes the adjoint of \(T\). It follows that \(T\) is an \(m\)-isometry if and only if the sequence \(\{T^{*n}T^n\}_{n \geq 0}\) is an arithmetic progression of order \(m-1\) in \({\mathcal L}(H)\). It is known that, if \(\{a_n\}_{n\geq 0}\) is an arithmetic progression of order \(h\), then there is a polynomial function \(p_a\) of degree less than or equal to \(h\), defined over the discrete variable \(n\) and whose coefficients come from \(G\), such that \(p_a(n)=h!a_n\). It is for this reason that arithmetic progressions are also referred to as \textit{polynomial sequences}. This survey article presents a collection of results on polynomial sequences. Let \(E\) be a metric space and \(d\) denote the distance on \(E\). A mapping \(T:E \rightarrow E\) is called an \textit{\((m,q)\)-isometry} for \(m,q \geq 1\), if for all \(x,y \in E\), one has \(\sum_{k=0}^m (-1)^{m-k} {m \choose k}(d(T^k(x),T^k(y)))^q=0\). \(T\) is called a \textit{strict \((m,q)\)-isometry} if it is an \((m,q)\)-isometry with \(m=1\) or if it is an \((m,q)\)-isometry, but is not an \((m-1,q)\)-isometry for \(m > 1\). The authors prove certain results on \((m,q)\)-isometries using polynomial sequences. Here is a sample result: Let \(m,q\) be fixed. Then \(T\) is a strict \((m,q)\)-isometry if and only if for all \(x,y \in E\), the sequence \(\{(d(T^n(x),T^n(x)))^q\}_{n \geq 0}\) is an arithmetic progression of order \(m-1\) and is an arithmetic progression of strict order \(m-1\) for some \(x,y \in E\).