Computing final polynomials and final syzygies using Buchberger's Gröbner bases method (Q2639107)

The author uses Gröbner basis algorithm to obtain certain algebraic relations between a finite family of polynomials. More precisely, let \({\mathcal F}=\{f_ 1(X),...,f_ m(X)\}\subset K[X]\), where \(X=(X_ 1,...,X_ n)\) is a vector of variables. Then the author deals with two situations: (a) A final polynomial for \({\mathcal F}\) is a polynomial P(X,Y)\(\in K[X,Y]\), \(Y=(Y_ 1,...,Y_ m)\), such that \(P(X,f_ 1(X),...,f_ m(X))=0\) and \(P(X,0,...,0)=1\). Notice that if \(K={\mathbb{C}}\), then a final polynomial for \({\mathcal F}\) exists if and only if the zero set of \({\mathcal F}\) is empty, or equivalently 0 is not in the image of the map \({\mathcal F}:{\mathbb{C}}^ n\to {\mathbb{C}}^ n:\;x\mapsto (f_ 1(x),...,f_ m(x)).\) In this case a final polynomial gives an explicit representation of 1 as an algebraic combination of \(f_ 1(X),...,f_ m(X).\) (b) A syzygy for \({\mathcal F}\) is a polynomial Q(Y)\(\in K[Y]\) such that \(Q(f_ 1(X),...,f_ m(X))=0\). A syzygy is called final if it is also a final polynomial. Then, for \(K={\mathbb{C}}\) the author remarks that a final syzygy for \({\mathcal F}\) exists if and only if 0 is not in the Zariski closure of the image of the map \({\mathcal F}.\) The method proposed to produce final polynomials and syzygies for \({\mathcal F}\) is the following: consider \(\hat {\mathcal F}=\{\hat f_ 1(X,Y),...,\hat f_ m(X,Y)\}\), where \(\hat f_ i(X,Y)=f_ i(X)-Y_ i\). Let \(\hat {\mathcal G}\) be a Gröbner basis for \(\hat {\mathcal F}\) with respect to the purely lexicographic ordering induced by \(Y_ 1<...<Y_ m<X_ 1<...<X_ n\). Then a final polynomial for \({\mathcal F}\) (resp. syzygy) exists if and only if \(\hat {\mathcal G}\) contains a final polynomial (resp. syzygy). The author works out some examples and application of this method to different situations. In particular he shows that the Sylvester-Gallai- theorem (among any n points in the real euclidean plane, not all in a line, there exist two points such that no other point is collinear with them) fails in the complex plane.