On a theorem of Privalov and a theorem of Zygmund (Q2640820)

A continuous increasing function \(\lambda\) (t): \([0,\infty)\to [0,\infty)\) is called a majorant if \(\lambda (0)=0\) and \(\lambda (t_ 1+t_ 2)\leq \lambda (t_ 1)+\lambda (t_ 2)\quad (0\leq t_ 1,t_ 2<\infty).\) If \(\lambda\) is a majorant, \(Lip_{\lambda}\) will denote the set of all \(f\in C(T)\) for whch an inequality \(| f(x_ 1)-f(x_ 2)| \leq M\lambda (| x_ 1-x_ 2|)\) holds for some \(M<\infty\) and all \(x_ 1,x_ 2\in {\mathbb{R}}.\) The purpose of the paper is to prove the following. Theorem. Suppose \(\lambda\) is a majorant. The following four conditions are equivalent: (A) If \(f\in Lip_{\lambda},\) then also \(\tilde f\in Lip_{\lambda},\) where \(\tilde f\) is the complex conjugate of f; \[ (B)\quad \int^{t}_{0}(\lambda (s)/s)ds+t\int^{\pi}_{t}(\lambda (s)/s^ 2)ds=O(\lambda (t))\quad as\quad t\to 0; \] (C) Suppose \(h\in C(T)\). If \(| h(x+(3/2)u)-3h(x+(1/2)u)+3h(x-(1/2)u)-h(x-(3/2)u)|\) is \(O(| u| \lambda (| u|))\) uniformly in x as \(u\to 0,\) then \(h'\) exists and is in \(Lip_{\lambda};\) (D) If \(\sum '(in)^{- 1}d_ ne^{inx}\) is the Fourier series of a function in \(\Lambda^ 1_*\), then \(\{d_ n\}\) is a multiplier for \(Lip_{\lambda}.\) Here, in (D), \(\Lambda^ 1_*\) is the class of functions \(F: {\mathbb{R}}\Rightarrow {\mathbb{R}}\) with the property \(\| F(x+h)+F(x-h)-2F(x)\|_ p\) is \(O(h)\) where \(\|.\|_ p\) is the usual \(L^ p\)-norm. (A) is a theorem of Privalov [p. 121 in \textit{A. Zygmund}: Trigonometric series. Vol. I (1968; see the review of the 2nd ed. (1959) in Zbl 0085.056)] and (D) is a theorem of \textit{A. Zygmund} [J. Math. Mech. 8, 889-895 (1959; Zbl 0092.288)] and the novelty of the theorem is the equivalence \(A\Leftrightarrow B\Leftrightarrow C\Leftrightarrow D.\)