Topological ternary fields not belonging to a topological projective plane (Q2640878)

Every topological projective plane can be coordinatized by a topological ternary field that is the ternary operation and its inverses are continuous. Conversely, a topological ternary field leads to a topological dual affine plane. The question is whether this in turn can be extended to a topological projective plane. Under additional assumptions, e.g. locally compactness and certain coherence conditions of the ternary field, it was shown that the answer is in the affirmative, e.g. \textit{Th. Grundhöfer} [Abh. Math. Semin. Univ. Hamburg 57, 87-101 (1986; Zbl 0652.51017)]. The author provides examples where this does not hold true. The construction starts with a topological projective plane E with point set P and line set \({\mathcal G}\) and an affine subplane \(E_ A\) with point set A, line set \({\mathcal G}_ A\), and infinite line \(L\in {\mathcal G}\setminus {\mathcal G}_ A\) such that lines in \(E_ A\) have no isolated points and such that there is an exceptional line \(H\in {\mathcal G}_ A\) at which the parallelism \(par_ A\) of \(E_ A\) is not continuous but \(par_ A\) is continuous at all lines not parallel to H. Such a pair of planes exist as was shown by the author in his doctoral thesis [Topologische affine Ebenen mit nichtstetigem Parallelismus, Diss. Stuttgart (1989; Zbl 0699.51009)], e.g. E being a 2-dimensional projective plane and \(E_ a\) being an affine subplane over a proper real-closed subfield of the real numbers. Taking H as the infinite line of a new affine subplane \(E_ B\) this subplane in turn is coordinatized by topological ternary field but the parallelism \(par_ B\) of \(E_ B\) is still not continuous. Hence the projective extension of \(E_ B\) cannot be a topological projective plane. In J. Geom. 40, No.1/2, 35-46 (1991) the author gives other examples of topological ternary fields, in particular Cartesian groups, such that the parallelism of the corresponding topological affine plane is continuous but does not yield a topological projective plane. The author further deals with the question which topological affine subplanes \(E_ A\) of a topological projective plane E have topological projective extensions. It is shown that such an extension exists if and only if there is a line \(L\in {\mathcal G}\) such that the parallelism \(par_ D\) of the affine subplane with point set \(D=P\setminus L\) restricted to \(A\times {\mathcal G}_ A\) is the parallelism \(par_ A\) of \(E_ A\).