Kurze Darstellung des fünften Gauss'schen Beweises für den quadratischen Reziprozitätssatz (Q2652504)
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English | Kurze Darstellung des fünften Gauss'schen Beweises für den quadratischen Reziprozitätssatz |
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Kurze Darstellung des fünften Gauss'schen Beweises für den quadratischen Reziprozitätssatz (English)
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1944
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Gauss's fifth proof of the quadratic reciprocity law compares the Legendre symbols \((\frac pq)\) and \((\frac qp)\) by working with residue classes modulo \(pq\). Rédei presents a very concise version of this proof by using the following notation: for a set \(M\) of real numbers, let \(q^-(M)\) denote the number of all integers in \(M\) whose smallest absolute remainder modulo \(q\) is negative, and \(p^+ q^- M\) the number of those integers in \(M\) whose smallest absolute remainder modulo \(p\) is positive and that modulo \(q\) is negative. Finally, for a function in two variables let \(S[f(p,q)] = f(p,q) + f(q,p)\). The key to the proof is the relation \(S[p^+q^-(0,\frac12pq)] = \frac14(p-1)(q-1)\), which implies \[ S[q^-(p, 2p, \dots, \frac{q-1}2p)] \equiv \frac14(p-1)(q-1) \bmod 2; \] by Gauss's Lemma, this congruence is equivalent to the quadratic reciprocity law.
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quadratic reciprocity law
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Gauss's Lemma
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