Frobenius gauges and a new theory of \(p\)-torsion sheaves in characteristic \(p\) (Q2656974)

Let \(k\) be a perfect field of characteristic \(p>0\), \(X\) a smooth proper variety over \(k\), and consider the morphism for the fppf topology \(\pi:X_{\mathrm{flat}}\to (\mathrm{Spec }k)_{\mathrm{flat}}\). From the introduction: ``Roughly speaking we want to introduce some sheaves of \(p\)-torsion, the \(S_n^r\) (for \(n,r\in \mathbb{N}\); we shall have \(S_n^0=\mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z}\), \(S_n^1=\mu_{p^n}\)) and to consider the \(R^j\pi_*\pi^*S_n^r\). They will belong to a nice class of \(p\)-torsion sheaves which are classified by their \textit{Dieudonné modules} (elementary objects generalizing the classical Dieudonné modules). Technically, i) we will have to use a topology which is weaker than the flat topology but also stronger than the étale topology, ii) the generalized Dieudonné modules give more complicated objects, so-called gauges, or rather \(\varphi\)-(or Frobenius)-gauges. The aim of this paper is to give the definition of these \(\varphi\)-gauges, relate them to previous constructions like Dieudonné modules, \(F\)-zips, or displays, and to define a cohomology theory with values in \(\varphi\)-gauges, which refines crystalline cohomology''.