Heat kernels, upper bounds and Hardy spaces associated to the generalized Schrödinger operators (Q265893)

This paper is devoted to the study of estimates of heat kernel of generalized Schrödinger operators and the related Hardy spaces. Let \(\mathcal{L}=-\Delta+\mu\) be the generalized Schrödinger operator on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with \(n\geq 3\), where \(\mu\not\equiv0\) is a nonnegative Radon measure satisfying the scale-invariant Kato condition: for all \(x\in\mathbb{R}^n\) and \(0<r<R<\infty\), \[ \mu(B(x,r))\leq C_0(\frac rR)^{n-2+\delta}\mu(B(x,R)), \] and also the doubling condition: for all \(x\in\mathbb{R}^n\) and \(0<r< \infty\), \[ \mu(B(x,2r))\leq C_1\{\mu(B(x,r))+r^{n-2}\}, \] where \(C_0,C_1,\delta\) are constants independent of \(x, r\) and \(R\). In this paper, the author prove that the heat kernel \(\mathcal{K}_t\) associated with \(\mathcal{L}\) satisfies the following upper estimate: \[ 0\leq \mathcal{K}_t(x,y)\leq Ch_t(x-y)e^{-\varepsilon d_\mu(x,y,t)}, \] for some \(\varepsilon>0\), where \(h_t(x)=(4\pi t)^{-n/2}e^{-|x|^2/(2t)}\) and \(d_\mu(x,y,t)\) is some parabolic type distance function with respect to \(\mu\). As applications, a Hardy space with respect to \(\mathcal{L}\) is introduced via maximal functions of heat semigroup \(e^{-t\mathcal{L}}\) and characterized via atoms and Riesz transforms. The dual space of this Hardy space is also obtained.