Generically, Arnold-Liouville systems cannot be bi-Hamiltonian (Q2666001)

The authors state and prove that a certain class of smooth functions, said to be BH-separable, is a meagre subset for the Fréchet topology. Since these functions are the only admissible Hamiltonians for Arnold-Liouville systems admitting a bi-Hamiltonian structure, there follows that generically Arnold-Liouville systems cannot be bi-Hamiltonian. At the end of the paper, the authors determine, both as a concrete representation of their general result and as an illustrative list, which polynomial Hamiltonians \(H\) of the form \(H(x,y)=xy+ax^3+bx^2y+cxy^2+dy^3\) are BH-separable. This paper is organized as follows. The first section is an introduction to the subject and summarizes the main results. The aim of this paper is to prove that, unlike the case of locally separable functions studied in [the authors, Topology Appl. 299, Article ID 107728, 16 p. (2021; Zbl 1478.26011)], the set of BH-separable functions is meagre. This leads to the conclusion that generically Arnold-Liouville completely integrable Hamiltonian systems cannot be bi-Hamiltonian or, in other words, that generically the complete integrability in the sense of Arnold-Liouville cannot be justified by the existence of an underlying bi-Hamiltonian structure. Section 2 concerns the mechanical origin of BH-separability. In order to understand why the authors are interested in this odd property of BH-separability they recall briefly how it appeared in the framework of bi-Hamiltonian systems. Section 3 deals with the main result and is devoted to the BH-separability of a special class of polynomial Hamiltonians.