On the associated spaces for the altered Cesaro space (Q2678416)

Let \(m(\vert f\vert)(x)=\frac{1}{x}\int_0^x \vert f\vert (t)\, dt\) for \(f \) defined on \(I=(0,\infty)\). The Cesàro space \({\text {Ces}}_p(I)\) consists of those measurable \(f\) such that \(m(\vert f\vert)\in L^p(I)\). Consider \(J_X(g;Y)=\sup_{f\in Y} \frac{\vert \int_I fg\vert}{\Vert f\Vert_X}\) and \({\boldsymbol J}_X(g;Y)=\sup_{f\in Y} \frac{\int_I \vert fg\vert}{\Vert f\Vert_X}\). One has the associated space \(D_{p'}(I)=\{g: \Vert g\Vert_{D_{p'}(I)}=\Vert \, \Vert g\Vert_{L^\infty([x,\infty))}\, \Vert_{L^{p'}}\}\). Here one studies the \textit{altered} Cesàro space \({\text {Ch}}_p(I)\) such that \(m(f)\in L^p(I)\) (\(m(f)(x)=\frac{1}{x}\int_0^x f(t)\, dt\)). Fix \(\tilde{I}=(a,b)\subset\mathbb{R}\), \(p\in (1,\infty)\) and choose \(v_0,v_1\) so that \(1/\vert v_1\vert \in L^{p'}_{\text {loc}}(\tilde{I})\) whereas \(v_0\in L^p_{\text{ loc}}(\tilde{I})\) and is not zero a.e. One defines weighted Sobolev spaces \(W_p^I(\tilde{I})=\{u\in W_{1,{\text {loc}}}^1(\tilde{I}): \Vert u\Vert_{W_p^1(\tilde{I})}<\infty\}\) where \(\Vert u\Vert_{W_p^1(\tilde{I})}=\Vert v_0u\Vert_{L^p(\tilde{I})}+\Vert v_1Du\Vert_{L^p(\tilde{I})}\). The space \(W_{1,{\text {loc}}}^1(\tilde{I})\) here consists of those \(u\in L^1_{\text {loc}}(\tilde{I})\) that have a weak derivative \(Du\in L^1_{\text {loc}}(\tilde{I})\).\par The first main result establishes the following connection between Cesàro spaces and Sobolev spaces: Let \(I=\tilde{I}=(0,\infty)\), \(v_1(x)=x\) and \(W_p^1(\tilde{I})\) as above. Then \(\{g: {\boldsymbol J}_{W_p^1(I)}(g)<\infty\}={\text {Ces}}_{p'}(I)\) while \(\{g: {J}_{W_p^1(I)}(g)<\infty\}={\text {Ch}}_{p'}(I)\).\par The next set of main results characterize \({J}_{{\text {Ch}}_p(I)}(g)\) and \({\boldsymbol J}_{{\text {Ch}}_p(I)}(g)\) in terms of concrete functional representations. For example, it is stated (Thm.\,4.7) that \(J_{{\text{ Ch}}_p(I)}(g; {\text {Ces}}_p(I))<\infty\) if and only if \(g\) admits a representative \(\tilde{g}\in {\text{ AC}}_{\text {loc}}(I)\) of the form \(\tilde{g}(x)=-\int_x^\infty w\), \(x\in I\), and \(x w(x)\in L^{p'}(I)\). Then, \(J_{{\text {Ch}}_p(I)}(g;{\text {Ces}}_p(I))=\Vert x w(x)\Vert_{L^{p'}(I)}\). A corresponding result (Thm.\,3.9) provides a characterization of \(J_{{\text{ Ch}}_p(I)}(g))<\infty\) in terms of localization to \((0,b)\) for some \(b>0\).