Birkhoff centre and backward limit points (Q2678936)

This paper provides a solution and a partial solution to two conjectures of \textit{J. Hantáková} and \textit{S. Roth} [``On backward attractors of interval maps'', Nonlinearity 34, No. 11, 7415--7445 (2021; \url{doi:10.1088/1361-6544/ac23b6})]. For a graph map \(f:G \rightarrow G\) and \(x \in G\), the author proves that the following conditions are equivalent: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] \(x\) is in the Birkhoff center of \(f\); \item[2.] \(x\) is in its own \(\beta\)-limit set; \item[3.] \(x\) is in the \(\beta\)-limit set of another point of \(G\). \end{itemize} This shows that the union of the \(\beta\)-limit sets of points in \(G\) is identical to the Birkhoff center of \(f\). Furthermore, the author establishes the density in \(C^0([0,1])\) of maps with not all special \(\alpha\)-limit sets closed.