Semitopological vector spaces. Hypernorms, hyperseminorms, and operators (Q2832142)

More than 20 years ago, the author introduced an extension \(\mathbb R_\omega\)NEWLINEof the real numbers whose elements he called real hypernumbers. \(\mathbbNEWLINER_\omega\) is a real ordered vector space, it contains ``arbitrarily large''NEWLINEelements (i.e., elements which are larger than each real number) but noNEWLINE``infinitely small'' positive elements. A few years ago, he published aNEWLINEbook in which he showed that real hypernumbers enable one to differentiateNEWLINEand integrate any real-valued function and studied the outcomingNEWLINEproperties [\textit{M. Burgin}, Hypernumbers and extrafunctions. ExtendingNEWLINEthe classical calculus. New York, NY: Springer (2012; Zbl 1253.46050)].NEWLINEThe present book now mainly deals with hypernormed spaces: If \(E\) is a vector spaceNEWLINEover a normed field \(\mathbb F\), a~mappingNEWLINE\(\|\cdot\| : E \to \mathbb R_\omega\) isNEWLINEcalled a hyper(semi)norm and \((E, \|\cdot\|)\) a hyper(semi)normed space ifNEWLINEit satisfies the usual conditions for a (semi)norm. Using the norm ballsNEWLINEwith positive real radius, a hyperseminorm induces a topology which is aNEWLINEgroup topology such that the scalar multiplication is partially continuous with respectNEWLINEto the second variable (in other words, itNEWLINEis a topological vector space over \(\mathbb F\), where \(\mathbb F\) is endowed with the discreteNEWLINEtopology). It is in general not a vector space topology since the scalar NEWLINEmultiplication need not be partially continuous with respect to the NEWLINEfirst variable. In the light of this observation, \(E\) is called semitopologicalNEWLINEvector space if it carries a topology which turns it into a topological vector space over \(\mathbb F\), NEWLINEendowed with the discrete topology. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE After the introduction of generalized \(P\)-hypernumbers, aNEWLINEgeneralization of real hypernumbers, the author studies hyperfunctions andNEWLINEextrafunctions which allow him to introduce generalized distributions.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE Semitopological vector spaces are, with few exceptions, onlyNEWLINEdiscussed in one chapter. Real and complex ones have been studied under the nameNEWLINE``topological vector groups'' by, e.g., Raikov, Kenderov and Lurje, withNEWLINEsome remarkable generalizations of classical results. As there are fewNEWLINEfar-reaching results for general topological vector spaces, the same isNEWLINEeven more true for semitopological vector spaces. It is shown that aNEWLINEfamily of hyperseminorms on a vector space \(E\) turns \(E\) in a natural way into a locally convex semitopologicalNEWLINEvector space. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE One of the main goals of the book is the study of objects orNEWLINEconcepts which are ``approximatively'' equal. Since this ``approximation''NEWLINEis usually expressed in terms of a hyperseminorm, the author studies theseNEWLINEin detail in Chapter~3. This enables him to study fuzzy continuity,NEWLINEapproximately linear operators and bounded mappings, as well as theirNEWLINEmutual relations. (Note that the definition of fuzzy continuity here isNEWLINEdifferent from the classical one.) This is done in the last chapters ofNEWLINEthe book.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE Most of the results in this book are elementary. ItNEWLINEcontains many minor and some major mistakes. For instance, Proposition~3.4NEWLINEclaims that the product of norms is a norm, which is evidently wrong. TheNEWLINEproofs of Proposition~5.1(b) and~(c), which characterizes compact HausdorffNEWLINEsemitopological vector spaces and claims that each finite-dimensionalNEWLINEsubspace of a Hausdorff semitopological vector space is closed,NEWLINErespectively, use that a one-dimensional real (complex) Hausdorff semitopologicalNEWLINEvector space is isomorphic to the reals (complex numbers) with the natural topology, and this is not true. NEWLINEAlso, there are inconsistencies, soNEWLINE\(r\)-continuity as defined in Definition~7.3 is different fromNEWLINE\(\varepsilon\)-continuity as defined in Definition~7.10. Theorems~8.1NEWLINEand~8.2 are missing, whereas Definitions~3.41 of a hyperquasimetric andNEWLINE3.42 of a hypersemimetric define the same object.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE The authorNEWLINEstates that this book belongs to physical mathematics, but there are noNEWLINEexamples from this area as would have been desirable from the reviewer'sNEWLINEpoint of view.