Geometric configurations of singularities for quadratic differential systems with total finite multiplicity \(m_f=2\) (Q2877646)

In prolongation of the authors' work [Bul. Acad. Ştiinţe Repub. Mold., Mat. 2013, No. 1(71), 72--124 (2013; Zbl 1331.37026)] as the most complete work in this direction up to 2013, they give here the geometric classification of finite and infinite singularities for the subclass of quadratic differential systems (QS) of the form \(\frac{dx}{dt}=p(x,y),\;\frac{dy}{dt}=q(x,y)\) with \(m_f=\max(\deg p,\deg q)=2\) in 12-dimensional space of parameters expressed in terms of polynomial invariants. The following affine invariants are used: \(\sum_C\) is the sum of the finite orders of weak singularities (foci or weak saddles) in a configuration \(C\) of a QS, and \(M_C\) is the maximal finite order of a configuration \(C\). Let \(\sum_2\) (resp. \(M_2\)) be the maximum of all \(\sum_C\) (\(M_C\)) for the subclass of QS with \(m_f=2\), and \(f^{(i)}, s^{(i)}\) the weak foci and the weak saddles of order \(i, c\) and \(s\)- the centers and integrable saddles.NEWLINENEWLINEThe basic obtained results are presented in the form of the following positions:NEWLINENEWLINE(A.) All configurations of singularities, finite and infinite, are presented in the form of third Diagrams according to the geometric equivalence relation. There are 197 geometric distinct configurations: 16 configurations with two distinct complex finite singularities; 151 configurations with two distinct real finite singularities and 30 with one real singularity of multiplicity 2.NEWLINENEWLINE(B.) There are only 6 configurations of singularities with finite weak singular points with \(\sum_{C}=2\) in the following combinations:NEWLINENEWLINE \(f^{(1)},f^{(1)}\); \(s^{(1)},s^{(1)}\); \(s^{(2)},n\); \(s^{(2)},n^{d}\); \(s^{(2)},f\); \(f^{(2)},s\). There are 7 configurations of singularities with finite weak singular points with \(\sum_C=1\) in the following combinations: \(f^{(1)},n\); \(f^{(1)},n^{d}\); \(f^{(1)},s\); \(f^{(1)},f\); \(s^{(1)},n\); \(s^{(1)},n^d\); \(s^{(1)},f\). There are 19 configurations containing a center or an integrable saddle, only 6 of them with a center. There are 8 distinct couples of finite singularities occurring in these configurations \(c,\$; c,s;\$,\$;s,s;s,n;s,n^*;s,n^d;s,f\).NEWLINENEWLINE(C.) Necessary and sufficient conditions for each one of the 197 different equivalence classes can be assembled from indicated diagrams in terms of 31 invariant polynomials with respect to the action of the affine group and time rescaling.NEWLINENEWLINE(D.) The Diagrams 1-3 actually contain the global bifurcation diagram in the 12-dimensional space of parameters of the global configurations of singularities.NEWLINENEWLINEHere the concept of geometric equivalence of singularities configurations uses the notions ``tangent equivalence'', ``order equivalence of weak singularities'' and ``blow-up equivalence''.