Thermodynamics and energy systems analysis. From energy to exergy (Q2880368)

This book is a revised version of a previous version first published in French, then in English, in 2005. It is devoted to a comprehensive and complete presentation of thermodynamics. The book is divided into 15 chapters starting with the description of the four fundamental laws of thermodynamics and ending with a detailed description of different examples of thermodynamical systems. The authors indicate that this book is followed by a book with solved problems and exercises [Thermodynamics and energy systems analysis. Solved problems and exercises. Lausanne: EPFL Press; Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (2012; Zbl 1276.80001)].NEWLINENEWLINEChapter 1 defines the notion of thermodynamics as ``the science dealing with the study of matter, as well as that of phenomena involving work, heat and energy in general''. The authors first define the basic notions of this field of science, i.e., thermodynamic states, state functions, enthalpies, energies and the entropy of a system, among others. They introduce and describe the four fundamental laws of thermodynamics. They also give the mathematical equations and present computations which are linked to these four laws. Many figures illustrate the concepts which are introduced throughout this chapter. The authors also introduce some thermodynamic systems which illustrate the main transfers concerning the physical quantities which are involved in thermodynamics. The chapter ends with the Gibbs equation and its consequences.NEWLINENEWLINEChapter 2 deals with closed systems; the authors first give the fundamental equations for closed and homogeneous systems. They then provide the different thermodynamic processes which can be obtained when fixing one of the state variables, and the different thermal and caloric factors. They summarize all relations and quantities they obtain in tables. The chapter ends with a description of the notions of equilibrium when considering heterogeneous closed systems.NEWLINENEWLINEIn Chapter 3, the authors consider an open system limited by a deformable (or not) boundary and moving with respect to a reference frame. The purpose of the chapter is to determine the transfers which may occur between a system and the outside (work, energy, heat). The authors write down the balance equations for these quantities, plus entropy, momentum, etc., using integral and differential forms.NEWLINENEWLINEIn Chapter 4, the authors consider open systems in steady state operation. They mainly discuss cases of channels which are either fixed or mobile and of arbitrary shape. They again write down the balance equations for these systems in different contexts. With the help of many figures and through many tables, the authors describe the flow of fluids through these different kinds of channels.NEWLINENEWLINEChapter 5 deals with the thermodynamic properties of matter. The authors here start from the interactions between atoms or molecules in different matters, namely, solids, liquids, gas and plasma. They present the notions of perfect or ideal gas. They write the fundamental state equation of an ideal gas which then leads to other classes of gases. In each case, the authors carry out computations from the state equation which allow to define some special relations. This chapter ends with the definition of the specific heat of a solid.NEWLINENEWLINEThe short Chapter 6 considers mixtures of perfect or ideal gases. Giving the Dalton and Amagat laws for mixtures, the authors compute the different state functions for such mixtures. A table summarizes the results of these computations.NEWLINENEWLINEChapter 7 describes the mixture of a gas and of a condensable substance in order to, for example, model the atmosphere or some technical devices. The chapter starts with some definitions. The authors then present the thermodynamic properties of the mixtures through the \textit{h-w} Mollier diagram. They present some properties of these mixtures considering this diagram and particularize this presentation through some examples.NEWLINENEWLINEIn Chapter 8, the authors study some typical thermodynamic processes, that they classify according to the properties of some state variables. They give tables which characterize these thermodynamic processes. They describe the different thermodynamic diagrams which can be used for each kind of thermodynamic processes.NEWLINENEWLINEIn the short Chapter 9, the authors describe some experimental devices which illustrate the first and second law of thermodynamics. They start with Joule's experiments which convert mechanical energy into internal energy. They also consider an expansion without or with work. They then consider different situations which explain the possible transfers in some devices. In each case, they write the balance equations which are associated to the corresponding thermodynamical process.NEWLINENEWLINEIn the long chapters 10 and 11, the authors consider the exchanges of energy and of exergy in thermodynamical processes. They consider an open system which is submitted to transfers of work, heat and mass. They write down the energy rate balance using the first law of thermodynamics, and they particularize this result in different situations. They define the theory of exergy giving an exergy rate balance which is obtained using the energy rate balance and the two first laws of thermodynamics. The authors claim that exergy theory, which started at the end of the 19th century, is fruitful, for example, for the calculation of the thermodynamic losses of a system. Chapter 10 then exploits this exergy theory in various contexts. In Chapter 11, the authors consider a combustion process which involves chemical species. They present the basic chemical equations and describe some combustion processes.NEWLINENEWLINEChapter 12 explores experimental devices, where the notions of energy and of exergy rate balance can be used for the description of the thermodynamic process. The chapter contains the descriptions of a combustion chamber, of a steam boiler and of a combustion engine. In each case, the authors provide the different balance equations. They emphasize on the notion of effectiveness for these common devices.NEWLINENEWLINEChapter 13 studies some thermodynamics cycles. After a general presentation, the authors describe and quantify the exchanges that a system may be submitted to, involving work, heat and energies. They start with the study of a system submitted to heat sources, first with a single heat source, then with two different thermal sources. In the case of bithermal power cycles the authors precisely describe some examples, e.g., Carnot, Stirling and Ericsson cycles. The bithermal heat pump cycles are then considered in a quite similar way. The chapter ends with a synthesis which contains illustrations.NEWLINENEWLINEChapter 14 collects some applications of the tools which have been introduced in the chapters 10 to 13, e.g., for steam power plants, gas cycles power plants. After a complete description of each kind of plant, the authors carry out the computations which measure the thermodynamical properties of those plants.NEWLINENEWLINEThe final chapter studies linear thermodynamics of irreversible phenomena. After a presentation of the theory, including Onsager and Casimir relations and Prigogine's principle, the authors describe the thermodynamical effects in this context and conclude the chapter with concrete examples.NEWLINENEWLINEThroughout the whole book, the authors give both the variations of the state variables which have been defined with detailed computations and experimental devices where thermodynamic processes can be involved. Many figures illustrate these computations and these devices. The variety of the devices which are treated throughout the book make it very useful for engineers involved in thermodynamical process. The authors explain very carefully the main tools of this field which will help the reader.