Radicals determined by subsets of rings. (Q2885403)

Let \(\alpha\) be a property that a subset of a ring may satisfy such that it is preserved by isomorphism and which is satisfied by the empty set as well as the ring itself. A subset of a ring that satisfies the property \(\alpha\) is called an \(\alpha\)-system. Let \(\mathcal A=\{\text{rings }R:R-\{0\}\text{ is an }\alpha\text{-system}\}\) and for a ring \(R\), let \(\alpha(R)\) be the Hoehnke radical of \(R\) determined by \(\mathcal A\), that is \(\alpha(R)=\bigcap\{I\vartriangleleft R:R/I\in\mathcal A\}\). Moreover, for a ring \(R\), let \(\alpha^*(R)=\{a\in R:\text{ whenever }a\in A\text{ for an }\alpha\text{-system }A\text{ in }R\text{, then }0\in A\}\).NEWLINENEWLINE In this paper the author describes the conditions which \(\alpha\) must satisfy to ensure that it leads to a Kurosh-Amitsur radical and that \(\alpha(R)=\alpha^*(R)\). He investigates when \(\alpha\) determines a supernilpotent or a special radical and describes the requirements on \(\alpha\) to ensure that this radical is well-behaved with respect to certain ring constructions (e.g., the radical of the matrix ring coincides with the matrix ring over the radical of the base ring). The author concludes the paper with many well-known examples of systems (e.g. \(m\)-system, \(s\)-system, \(c\)-system and supersystem) and shows how they fit into the theory developed in this paper.