Pair correlation of lattice points with prime constraint (Q2889253)

Let \(\Omega\) be a be a star-shaped region in the plane bounded by a curve \(\mathcal C\), parametrized, for any \((x,y)\in\Omega\), by \(x = \rho_\Omega(\alpha)\cos(\alpha), y=\rho(\alpha)\sin(\alpha)\), where \(\rho_\Omega\) is continuous and piecewise \(C^1\) on \([0,2\pi]\). For each large integer \(X\), the \textit{dilated region} NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\Omega_X:=\{(x,y)\in\mathbb R^2: (x/X,y/Y)\in\Omega\} NEWLINE\]NEWLINE has an area equal to \(X^2\cdot Area(\Omega)\) and is bounded by the curve NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\mathcal C_X = \{(x, y) \in \mathbb R^2 :(x/X,y/Y)\in\mathcal C).NEWLINE\]NEWLINE Given a pair of coprime integers \(a\) and \(b\), the authors define the set NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\Omega_X^{(a,b)}=\{(x,y) \in\mathbb Z^2\cap\Omega_X:ax+by\text{ is a prime}\}NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where the prime may be positive or negative.NEWLINENEWLINElet \(0 <\theta_1 < \dots < \theta_N < 2\pi\) where \(N=N(\Omega,X)\) be the angles of straight lines joining the origin to points of \(\Omega_X^{(a,b)}\), taken without multiplicities, that correspond to elements from \(\Omega_X^{(a,b)}\). They are normalized to \( 0 <\theta_1/{2\pi}< \theta_2/{2\pi}<\dots <\theta_N/2\pi < 1.\) The \textit{pair correlation function} measures is defined as the density of the differences between pairs of elements of a given sequence. For the sequence \((\theta_n/2\pi)_{n\leq N}\) in \([0, 1]\), the limiting pair correlation function \(R_2(\Omega_{a,b)},\lambda)\) is given, if it exists, by NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\lim_{N\to\infty} \frac{1}{N}\#\Big\{ 1\leq n_1\not=n_2\leq N:\frac{\theta_{n_1}}{2\pi}-\frac{\theta_{n2}}{2\pi}\in \frac{1}{N}\{\mathbf I\}\Big\}=\int_{\mathbf I}R_2(\Omega_{(a,b)},\lambda)\,d\lambdaNEWLINE\]NEWLINE for any interval \({\mathbf I}\subset \mathbb R\). The authors prove:NEWLINENEWLINETheorem. As \(X\) goes to \(\infty\), the limiting pair correlation function \(R_2(\Omega_{(a,b)},\lambda)\) of the angles of straight lines from the origin to the set \(\Omega_X^{(a,b)}\) exists, is independent of \(a,b\) and is identically equal to the constant \(\frac{\pi}{2A(\Omega)^2}\int_0^{2\pi}\rho_\Omega(\theta)^4\,d\theta\) where \(A(\Omega)\) is the area of the region \(\Omega\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe authors show that the pair correlation density they obtained for general \(\Omega\) corresponds to a \textit{Poisson process} with non-uniform density.NEWLINENEWLINEThe authors give an historic context in particular, points visible from the origine [\textit{F. P. Boca} et al., Commun. Math. Phys. 213, No. 2, 433--470 (2000; Zbl 0989.11049)], correlations of directions of straight lines of lattice points from the origin [\textit{F. P. Boca} and the second author, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 358, No. 4, 1797--1825 (2006; Zbl 1154.11022)], correlations of zeros of zeta functions of principal \(L\)-functions and random matrix theory [\textit{N. M. Katz} and \textit{P. Sarnak}, Bull. Am. Math. Soc., New Ser. 36, No. 1, 1--26 (1999; Zbl 0921.11047); \textit{H. L. Montgomery}, Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 24, St. Louis Univ. Missouri 1972, 181--193 (1973; Zbl 0268.10023); \textit{Z. Rudnick} and \textit{P. Sarnak}, Duke Math. J. 81, No. 2, 269--322 (1996; Zbl 0866.11050)].