Gaussian-type upper bound for the evolution kernels on nilpotent meta-abelian groups (Q291965)

The authors consider a class of diffusion processes on a semi-direct product \(N=M\propto V\) of abelian Lie groups \(M,V\). Fix bases \((X_i)\), \((Y_j)\) for \(\mathrm{Lie}(M)\), \(\mathrm{Lie}(V)\) respectively, and a \(k\)-parameter group of automorphisms \(\{\Phi(a)\mid a\in\mathbb R^k\}\) of \(\mathrm{Lie}(N)\) that leave \(\mathrm{Lie}(M)\) and \(\mathrm{Lie}(V)\) invariant. Let \(\sigma:\mathbb R_+\to\mathbb R^k\) be continuous. The adjoint action of \(\mathrm{Lie}(V)\) and the action of \(\Phi\circ\sigma(t)\) on \((X_i)\) are both supposed to be lower triangular, and the action of \(\Phi\circ\sigma(t)\) on \((Y_j)\) as well. The time-dependent generator of interest in this setting is \[ \mathcal L^\sigma_N(t):=\sum\limits_i\left(\Phi\circ\sigma(t)X_i\right)^2+\sum\limits_j\left(\Phi\circ\sigma(t)Y_j\right)^2\equiv\mathcal L^\sigma_M(t)+\mathcal L^\sigma_V(t). \] Then the main result established by the authors is a Gaussian-like upper estimate (with rather technical but explicit coefficients) for the inhomogeneous left-invariant heat kernel \(P^\sigma_{s,t}\left(e;(m,v)\right)\) associated with \(\mathcal L^\sigma_N(t)\).