Eventually and asymptotically positive semigroups on Banach lattices (Q294206)

The authors consider \(C_0\)-semigroups on Banach lattices with the property that for each positive initial value, the solution of the corresponding Cauchy problem becomes positive for large times. These semigroups are called \textit{eventually positive \(C_0\)-semigroups}. This paper is a continuation of the research that was done in [the first author et al., J. Math. Anal. Appl. 433, No. 2, 1561--1593 (2016; Zbl 1339.47057)] for the case of the Banach lattice \(E=C(K)\). The situation when \(E=C(K)\) is easier since the positive cone \(E_+\) has interior points. However, as this paper shows, one can deal with a Banach lattice containing a quasi-interior point \(u\) and a \(C_0\)-semigroup whose generator \(A\) has its domain included in the principal ideal \(E_u\) generated by \(u\). The strong positivity \(f\gg 0\) in \(C(K)\), which means that there is \(c>0\) such that \(f\geq c \cdot 1\), is replaced by \(f\gg_u 0\), which means that there is \(c>0\) such that \(f\geq cu.\) The vector \(f\) is said to be \textit{strictly positive} with respect to \(u\). This allows one to consider a variety of important examples of semigroups that could not be considered in the case of \(E=C(K)\). For example, on Hilbert lattices, \(L^p\)-spaces, and on spaces of continuous functions vanishing on the boundary of a sufficiently smooth domain. A manifestation of the results concerning such semigroups is the following theorem. Theorem. Let \((e^{tA})_{t\geq 0}\) be a real and eventually differentiable \(C_0\)-semigroup with \(\sigma(A)\neq \emptyset\) on a complex Banach lattice \(E\). Suppose that the peripheral spectrum \(\sigma_{\mathrm{per}}(A)\) is finite and consists of poles of the resolvent. If \(u\in E_+\) is such that \(D(A)\subseteq E_u\), then the following assertions are equivalent: {\parindent=0.7cm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] The semigroup \((e^{tA})_{t\geq 0}\) is individually eventually strongly positive with respect to \(u\). \item[(ii)] The spectral bound \(s(A)\) of \(A\) is a dominant spectral value and the resolvent \(R(\cdot,A\)) is individually eventually strongly positive with respect to \(u\) at \(s(A)\). \item[(iii)] \(s(A)\) is a dominant spectral value and the spectral projection \(P\) associated with \(s(A)\) fulfills \(Pf\gg_u 0\) for every \(f>0\). \item[(iv)] \(s(A)\) is a dominant spectral value. Moreover, \(\ker(s(A)I-A)\) is spanned by a vector \(v\gg_u 0\) and \(\ker(s(A)I-A')\) contains a strictly positive functional. \end{itemize}} The second part of the paper deals with \textit{asymptotic positivity} of eventually norm continuous \(C_0\)-semigroups. Theorem. Let \((e^{tA})_{t\geq 0}\) be an eventually norm continuous \(C_0\)-semigroup with \(\sigma(A)\neq \emptyset\) on a complex Banach lattice \(E\). Suppose that the peripheral spectrum \(\sigma_{\mathrm{per}}(A)\) is finite and consists of poles of the resolvent. Then the following assertions are equivalent: {\parindent=0.7cm\begin{itemize}\item[(i)] The semigroup \((e^{tA})_{t\geq 0}\) is individually asymptotically positive. \item[(i')] The semigroup \((e^{tA})_{t\geq 0}\) is uniformly asymptotically positive. \item[(ii)] \(s(A)\) is a dominant spectral value of \(A\) and \(R(\cdot,A)\) is individually asymptotically positive at \(s(A)\). \item[(ii')] \(s(A)\) is a dominant spectral value of \(A\) and \(R(\cdot,A)\) is uniformly asymptotically positive at \(s(A)\). \item[(iii)] \(s(A)\) is a dominant spectral value of \(A\) and the associated spectral projection \(P\) is positive. \end{itemize}}