Spatial decay of rotating waves in reaction diffusion systems (Q305103)

This paper deals with the stationary problem \[ (1)\quad A\Delta v_{\star}(x)+\langle Sx,\nabla v_{\star}(x)\rangle +f(v_{\star}(x))=0,\quad x\in\mathbb R^d,d\geq 2 \] where \(A\in\mathbb R^{N,N}\) is a diffusion matrix, \(S\in\mathbb R^{d,d}\) is a skew-symmetric matrix, and \(f:\mathbb R^N\to\mathbb R^N\) is a sufficiently smooth function. A function \(v_{\star}\) is called a classical solution to (1) if \(v_{\star}\in C^2(\mathbb R^d,\mathbb R^N),\) and then \(v_{\star}\) satisfies (1) pointwise. A solution \(v_{\star}\) of (1) is the profile of rotating waves of the form \[ u_{\star}(x,t)=v_{\star}(e^{-tS}(x-x_{\star})),\quad t\geq 0, x\in\mathbb R^d, d\geq 2, x_{\star} \in\mathbb R^d. \] A rotating wave \(u_{\star}\) is called exponentially localized with decay rate \(\eta\), if it satisfies \[ \underset{|x|\to\infty}{\lim} e^{\eta |x|} |v_{\star}(x)-v_{\infty}|=0, \] for some \(v_{\infty}\in \mathbb R^N\) and for some \(\eta>0\). The authors introduce weight function of exponential growth (Definition 2.7.) and related exponentially weighted Sobolev spaces \(W^{k,p}_{\theta}(\mathbb R^d,\mathbb R^N).\) Under suitable assumptions, satisfied for some \(1<p<\infty\), they prove (Theorem 2.8) that, for every \(0<\epsilon <1\), there exists a constant \(K_1=K_1(A,f,v_{\infty},d,p,\epsilon)\) with the following properties: every classical solution \(v_{\star}\) of (1) such that \[ (2)\quad\underset{|x|\geq R_o}{\sup}|v_{\star}(x)-v_{\infty}|\leq K_1,\text{ for some }R_o>0, \] satisfies \(v_{\star}-v_{\infty}\in W^{1,p}_{\theta}(\mathbb R^d,\mathbb R^N), \theta(x)=\exp(\mu\sqrt{|x|^2+1}),\) for every exponential decay rate \(0\leq \mu\leq \epsilon \frac{\sqrt{a_ob_o}}{a_{\max}p}\). Here, \(a_{\max}\) denotes the spectral radius of \(A\), and \((-a_o)\) [resp.\( (-b_o)\)] denotes the spectral bound of \(-A\) [resp. of the Jacobian matrix \(Df(v_{\infty})\)]. Several extensions of this result are presented: to complex- valued systems, to exponential decay in higher order Sobolev spaces, and to pointwise estimates. They also study (section 5) the exponential decay in space of classical solutions \((\lambda,v),~\lambda\in\mathbb C,v\in C^2(\mathbb R^d,\mathbb C^N)\) of the eigenvalue problem \[ (3) \quad A\Delta v(x)+\langle Sx,\nabla v(x)\rangle +(Df(v_{\star}(x))v(x)=\lambda v(x), x\in\mathbb R^d,~d\geq 2. \] As an application, the cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation is studied in section 6. The paper is illustrated with several figures and a numerical table.