Second-order ordinary differential systems with nonlocal Neumann conditions at resonance (Q325943)

The following resonant problem is studied \[ x''=f(t,x,x'),\;x'(0)=0,\;x'(1)=\int_0^1x'(s)\,dg(s),\eqno(1) \] where \(f:[0,1]\times\mathbb R^k\times\mathbb R^k\rightarrow\mathbb R^k\) is continuous and bounded and \(g\) is a diagonal matrix of bounded variation in \([0,1]\). (1) is written as a fixed point problem in \(C^1([0,1],\mathbb R^k)\) and solved by a continuation technique. The existence of a solution is proved for several types of nonlinear terms. For instance, letting \(N(x)=\int_0^1f(s,x(s),x'(s))\,ds-\int_0^1\int_0^sf(\tau,x(\tau),x'(\tau))\,d\tau\,dg(s)\), a solution exists if \(\exists M,\,r>0\) such that \(|f|\leq M\) and \(f\) satisfies a sign condition of the type \[ x(0)\cdot N (x)\leq0 \] \(\forall x\in C^1([0,1],\mathbb R^k)\) such that \(\min_{[0,1]}x\geq r\) and \(\max_{[0,1]}|x'|\leq M \) (Villari type conditions). A sign condition for a vector field in \(\mathbb R^k\) constructed on the basis of \[ h(t,\xi)=\lim_{r\to\infty)}f(t,r\xi),\eqno(2) \] supposed to exist uniformly in \(\xi\in S^{k-1}\), is also shown to provide an existence result for \(f\) in the ``Landesman-Lazer-Nirenberg'' class. Finally, more sophisticated existence results are obtained under assumptions that include the nonvanishing of the Brower degree of \((i)\) the vector field \(N\) restricted to some ball in the subspace of the constant functions; \((ii)\) a vector field defined on \(S^{k-1}\) on the basis of \(h\) when the limit (2) exists and \(f\) is in the ``Landesman-Lazer-Nirenberg'' class. An interesting example is given for a second order differential equation where the unknown function takes values in the complex plane.