Problem with nonequilibrium boundary conditions in the kinetic theory of gases (Q327073)

The authors study solutions with arbitrary nonequilibrium functions on the boundary that generate both super- and subsonic flows. According to the authors the goal is to demonstrate that nonequilibrium on the boundary can lead to solutions that, though close to equilibrium, have kinetic features and cannot be described by the Navier-Stokes equations. To this end, the Boltzmann kinetic equation is considered with no force term \[ \frac{\partial f}{\partial t}+ \nabla\cdot(\xi f)=I, \] where \(f(r,\xi,t)\) is the velocity distribution function, which depends on the spatial vector \(r=(x,y,z)\) in physical space, on the molecular velocity \( \xi=(\xi_x,\xi_y,\xi_z)\), and on the time \(t\). In the case of binary collisions, the collision integral \(I\) is a local operator in physical space. For elastic collisions of single-species monatomic gas particles, it is written as \[ I=\int_{R^3}d\xi_1\int_{s^2}(f(\xi_1')f(\xi') -f(\xi_1)f(\xi))|g|\sigma(|g|,\theta)d\Omega, \] where \(g=\xi_1-\xi\) is the relative velocity of colliding particles and \(d\Omega=\sin\theta d\theta d\phi\) is the surface element of the unit sphere. The differential collision cross section \(\sigma(g,\theta)\) depends on the relative velocity and the scattering angle \(\theta\). The postcollision \( (\xi',\xi'_1)\) and precollision \((\xi,\xi_1)\) velocities of the particles satisfy the momentum and energy conservation law.