Constant mean curvature proper-biharmonic surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature in spheres (Q329651)

An isometric immersion \(\varphi:M^m\to {\mathbb S}^n\) is biharmonic if and only if \[ \Delta H=m H, \] where \(H\in\varphi^{-1}(T{\mathbb S}^n)\) is the mean curvature vector field and \(\Delta\) is the rough-Laplacian with respect to the pull-back connection of \(\varphi^{-1}(T{\mathbb S}^n)\). The classification of biharmonic isometric immersions in \({\mathbb S}^n\) is far for being understood even in the case the immersion is assumed to have constant mean curvature (CMC). Surprisingly, also in the case of CMC hypersurfaces \(\varphi:M^{n-1}\to {\mathbb S}^n\), where the biharmonicity reduces to \(|A|^2= (n-1)\) (\(A\) the shape operator), we don't have yet the complete classification. In the paper under review the authors investigate the CMC biharmonic surfaces in \({\mathbb S}^n\). A remarkable result proved in the paper is the existence for any value \(h \in (0, 1)\) of a CMC proper biharmonic flat surface in \({\mathbb S}^5\) with \(|H| = h\). This is done by giving the complete description of such immersions. The authors also investigate under what condition on \(h\) the above CMC proper biharmonic immersions in \({\mathbb S}^5\) quotient to a torus. This analysis leads to the following charming result for a given \(h\in (0,1)\), there exists a CMC proper-biharmonic immersion from a torus \(T^2\) into \({\mathbb S}^5\), with \(|H|=h\), if and only if either \[ h = \frac{q^2 -1}{q^2 +1},\quad q\in {\mathbb Q},\; q>1, \] or \[ h = \frac{1- (a-b)^2}{1 + (a-b)^2 + 2(a+b)} , \] where \(a=p^2/q^2\) and \(b=r^2/t^2\) with \(p,q,r,t \in {\mathbb N}^*\), with the condition \(0\leq (b-a)^2 <1\).