Birational spaces (Q330146)

Studying resolutions of singularities for varieties of characteristic zero, Zariski extensively used the Riemann-Zariski space \(RZ_K(k)\) of a finitely generated field extension \(k\subset K\), i.e. the space of all valuations on \(K/k\), which can also be obtained as the projective limit of all projective k-models of \(K\). This paper describes the category of birational spaces where the relative Riemann-Zariski spaces introduced by \textit{M. Temkin} in [Isr. J. Math. 185, 1--42 (2011; Zbl 1273.14007)] are naturally included. In Section \(2\) the author constructs the topological space \(\text{Spa}(B,A)\), where \(A\subset B\) are commutative rings with identity, of all \(A\)-valuations of \(B\) such that \(v(a)\leq 1\) for all \(a\in A\). He then studies the subspace \(\text{Val}(B,A)\) of unbounded valuations, its topological properties and proves it to be a locally ringed space with two sheaves of rings \(\mathcal{O}_{\text{Val}(B,A)}\subset \mathcal{M}_{\text{Val}(B,A)}\). A Birational Space is defined in section \(3\) as a pair-ringed space \((\mathscr{X},\mathcal{M}_\mathscr{X},\mathcal{O}_\mathscr{X})\) that for every point in \(\mathscr{X}\) has an open neighbourhood with the induced subspace isomorphic to an affinoid birational space, i.e. \(\left(\text{Val}(B,A),\mathcal{M}_{\text{Val}(B,A)},\mathcal{O}_{\text{Val}(B,A)}\right)\) for some pair of rings of rings \(A\subset B\). Furthermore, it is proven that the functor \(\text{bir}\) that takes a pair of rings \(A\subset B\) to \(\text{Val}(B,A)\) gives rise to an anti-equivalence from the localisation of the category of pairs of rings with respect to relative normalisation to the category of affinoid birational spaces. This functor is then extended to to a functor from the category of affine and schematically dominant morphisms between quasi-compact and quasi-separated schemes to the category of birational spaces. Section \(4\) is dedicated to an introduction and study of relative blow ups so that in Section \(5\) the main theorem is proved: the functor \(\text{bir}\) provides an equivalence of categories between the localisation of the category of pairs of quasi-compact and quasi-separated schemes with an affine dominating morphism between them, with respect to simple relative blow ups and relative normalisations, and the category of quasi-compact and quasi-separated birational spaces.