Generalizations of Tucker-Fan-Shashkin lemmas (Q338643)

Consider a closed \(n\)-dimensional PL-manifold \(M\) with a free involution \(A:M\to M\). This is called a BUT-manifold (Borsuk-Ulam type manifold) if for every continuous map \(g:M\to \mathbb R^n\) there exists a point \(x\in M\) such that \(g(x)=g(A(x))\). Denote a set of labels \(\Pi_n = \{ +1,-1,+2,-2,\dots,+n,-n\}\). Let \(T\) be an antipodal triangulation of \(M\) (i.e. the map \(A\) sends simplices to simplices). Let \(L:V(T) \to \Pi_n\) be an antipodal labelling (i.e. \(L(A(v))=-L(v)\)). Then the author proves that there exists a complementary edge. For a sphere this is Tucker's lemma, proved in [\textit{A. W. Tucker}, in: Proc. First Canadian Math. Congr., Montreal 1945, Univ. of Toronto Press, 285--309 (1946; Zbl 0061.40305)]. For an antipodal labelling \(L:V(t)\to \Pi_{n+1}\), suppose there are no complementary edges. Then it is proved that for any set of labels \(\Lambda \{ l_1,l_2,\dots,l_{n+1}\} \subset \Pi_{n+1}\) with \(| l_i|=i\) for all \(i\), the number of \(n\)-simplices labelled by \(\Lambda \) is odd. For a sphere this was proved by \textit{K. Fan} [Ann. Math. (2) 56, 431--437 (1952; Zbl 0047.42004)]. The author calls it Shashkin's lemma because he gave a different proof of it by use of the odd mapping theorem in the 1990'-ties and established some consequences. Versions for manifolds with boundary being BUT-manifolds are also given. Then two generalizations of Tucker's theorems about covering families are derived.