Double resonance for one-sided superlinear or singular nonlinearities (Q343501)

The author considers a scalar second order equation of the type \[ x''+f(t,x)=0. \] In the first part of the paper, \(f:{\mathbb R}\times{\mathbb R}\to{\mathbb R}\) is assumed to be continuous and \(T\)-periodic in its first variable, with \[ \lim_{x\to-\infty}\frac{f(t,x)}{x}=+\infty\quad\text{uniformly in \(t\in[0,T]\).} \] Set \[ \mu_j=\Big(\frac{j\pi}{T}\Big)^2,\quad j=1,2,\dots \] and assume the existence of a constant \(c>0\) and an integer \(N\geq1\) such that \[ \mu_Nx-c\leq f(t,x)\leq\mu_{N+1}x+c, \] for every \(x>0\) and every \(t\in[0,T]\). In this setting, there is the possibility of resonance phenomena, both at \(\mu_N\) and at \(\mu_{N+1}\). This is what the author calls ``double resonance'', to avoid which he needs some Landesman--Lazer type of assumptions. Accordingly, assuming that, for every \(\varphi\in[0,T]\), \[ \int_0^T\liminf_{x\to+\infty}(f(t,x)-\mu_Nx)\phi_N(t+\varphi)\,dt>0, \] and \[ \int_0^T\limsup_{x\to+\infty}(f(t,x)-\mu_{N+1}x)\phi_{N+1}(t+\varphi)\,dt<0, \] where \(\phi_j\) is defined as \[ \phi_j(t)= \sin(\sqrt{\mu_j}t), \quad t\in[0,\,T/j], \] and \(\phi_j(t)=0\) if \(t\in[T/j,\,T]\), extended by \(T\)-periodicity to the whole real line, the author establishes the existence of at least one \(T\)-periodic solution. This result is then refined, generalizing the Landesman--Lazer conditions by taking \(\phi_j\) defined as \[ \phi_j(t)=|\sin(\sqrt{\mu_j}t)|,\quad t\in{\mathbb R}, \] provided that an additional assumption at \(-\infty\) is satisfied. In the second part of the paper, the case when \(f\) has a repulsive singularity at the origin is considered, and similar existence results are obtained.